Pitney Bowes Inc. NT 43 (PBI-PB) Financial Ratios Annual - Discounting Cash Flows
PBI-PB
Pitney Bowes Inc. NT 43
PBI-PB (NYSE)
Period Ending: LTM
(Last Twelve Months)
2024
12-31
2023
12-31
2022
12-31
2021
12-31
2020
12-31
2019
12-31
2018
12-31
2017
12-31
2016
12-31
2015
12-31
2014
12-31
2013
12-31
2012
12-31
2011
12-31
2010
12-31
2009
12-31
2008
12-31
2007
12-31
2006
12-31
2005
12-31
2004
12-31
2003
12-31
2002
12-31
2001
12-31
2000
12-31
1999
12-31
1998
12-31
1997
12-31
1996
12-31
1995
12-31
1994
12-31
1993
12-31
1992
12-31
1991
12-31
1990
12-31
1989
12-31
1988
12-31
1987
12-31
1986
12-31
1985
12-31
Price Ratios
Price to Earnings Ratio 22.81 126.9 -2 17.89 328.8 -5.55 53.42 6.11 7.97 25.23 10.12 14.75 32.89 4.79 6.06 17.03 11.11 12.65 22.66 19.05 20.43 22.26 19.91 16.41 18.9 13.31 19.81 30.7 23.34 16.85 11.8 17.8 18.19 61.02 16.57 14.52 19.68 13.38 14.88 16.4 11.89
Price to Sales Ratio 0.902 0.641 0.372 0.187 0.314 0.297 0.222 0.345 0.587 0.946 1.15 1.29 1.21 0.435 0.709 0.918 0.845 0.848 1.36 1.79 1.8 2.16 2.17 1.77 2.24 2.13 3.31 5.06 3.19 2.14 1.94 1.49 1.81 1.78 1.47 0.968 1.28 1.23 1.32 1.39 0.977
Price to Book Ratio -2.59 -2.25 -2.1 10.9 10.24 14.96 2.48 10.87 11.05 -27.22 23.09 63.71 24.93 19.27 -96.05 -51.57 344.4 -28.27 12.92 14.7 7.09 8.29 9.12 9.15 10.35 6.45 7.75 10.74 6.56 3.53 3.03 2.8 3.43 3.7 2.72 1.95 2.57 2.58 2.88 3.7 2.29
Price to Free Cash Flow Ratio 7.65 8.29 -33.01 12.92 9.82 5.36 5.44 5.35 6.41 8.55 11.85 10.36 9.64 4.41 4.9 5.98 7.16 7.05 10.44 -16.72 38.98 17.04 17.53 28.11 11.84 13.72 18.64 49.23 26.74 21.5 40.28 39.74 43.35 22.22 20.73 18.1 113 0 0 0 0
Price to Operating Cash Flow Ratio 5.78 5.67 9.72 3.76 3.82 3.5 2.65 3.21 4.2 5.75 8.01 7.51 7.52 3.23 4.07 5.23 5.71 5.36 7.84 -35.86 17.92 11.32 11.65 15.53 8.91 9.5 12.85 22.92 17.28 11.44 11.93 10.42 14.6 12.24 10.06 6.27 11.06 0 0 0 0
Price Earnings to Growth Ratio 0.133 -2.61 0.002 0.019 -3.23 0.01 -0.669 -0.407 0.046 -0.336 0.428 0.109 -0.48 -0.174 0.053 -0.554 5.58 0.644 0.088 -0.242 1.86 -11.35 7.92 0 -1.04 6.33 1.49 2.62 1.28 -0.934 0.096 -0.823 0.074 -0.93 0.427 1.24 -0.853 0.562 1.02 1.64 0
EV to EBITDA 6.75 6.7 7.3 7.88 9.31 9.65 6.88 6.66 7.61 7.17 7.81 8.27 8.44 5.23 6.63 7.58 7.34 6.37 8.15 9.33 10.09 10.87 10.19 10.77 11.94 8.53 11.54 17.54 12.59 10.06 9 8.22 9.17 9.38 8.25 6.74 8.03
Liquidity Ratios
Current Ratio 0.809 0.788 1.08 1.04 1.09 1.13 1.42 1.43 1.27 0.999 1.02 1.17 1.27 1.12 1.05 1.18 1.16 0.935 0.933 1.06 0.942 0.805 0.949 0.762 0.829 0.912 1.16 0.922 0.73 0.672 0.6 0.524 0.592 0.594 0.646 0.623 0.748 0.82 1.22 1.18 1.24
Quick Ratio 0.755 0.752 1.05 0.992 1.05 1.09 1.38 1.39 1.23 0.959 0.981 1.13 1.23 1.05 0.997 1.11 1.1 0.885 0.878 0.976 0.866 0.744 0.87 0.699 0.776 0.853 1.07 0.824 0.656 0.587 0.511 0.416 0.471 0.483 0.532 0.491 0.554 0.619 0.735 0.67 0.735
Cash Ratio 0.226 0.281 0.316 0.388 0.424 0.493 0.589 0.459 0.488 0.328 0.281 0.457 0.407 0.317 0.277 0.19 0.161 0.116 0.106 0.087 0.084 0.095 0.111 0.094 0.075 0.069 0.089 0.046 0.041 0.041 0.024 0.019 0.017 0.023 0.038 0.027 0.027 0.025 0.119 0.102 0.109
Debt Ratio 0.684 0.603 0.539 0.541 0.515 0.537 0.54 0.577 0.574 0.576 0.482 0.501 0.494 0.511 0.52 0.508 0.519 0.539 0.498 0.504 0.443 0.446 0.401 0.454 0.42 0.4 0.404 0.388 0.387 0.394 0.406 0.46 0.431 0.457 0.471 0.489 0.493 0.461 0.198 0.123 0.121
Debt to Equity Ratio -3.36 -3.54 -6.25 42.33 22.7 39.75 10.32 33.64 20.31 -32.46 16.51 42.09 17.76 36.31 -108.6 -44.45 324.9 -25.04 7.39 6.2 3.45 3.39 3.28 4.65 3.92 2.46 2.04 1.8 1.63 1.43 1.4 1.95 1.57 1.8 1.67 1.87 1.94 1.75 0.469 0.334 0.272
Long Term Debt to Capitalization 1.46 1.45 1.21 0.973 0.953 0.971 0.905 0.968 0.95 1.04 0.933 0.974 0.947 0.971 1.01 1.02 0.997 1.05 0.855 0.846 0.738 0.71 0.723 0.731 0.731 0.594 0.551 0.51 0.363 0.367 0.316 0.309 0.312 0.381 0.37 0.409 0.489 0.466 0.219 0.19 0.165
Total Debt to Capitalization 1.42 1.39 1.19 0.977 0.958 0.975 0.912 0.971 0.953 1.03 0.943 0.977 0.947 0.973 1.01 1.02 0.997 1.04 0.881 0.861 0.775 0.772 0.767 0.823 0.797 0.711 0.671 0.643 0.62 0.589 0.584 0.661 0.61 0.642 0.626 0.651 0.659 0.636 0.319 0.25 0.214
Interest Coverage Ratio 3.81 2.84 1.38 1.15 1.08 0.925 1.43 2.46 2.78 3.97 3.98 3.87 3.46 3.84 3.94 4.18 4.07 4.93 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Cash Flow to Debt Ratio 0.133 0.112 0.035 0.069 0.118 0.108 0.091 0.101 0.129 0.146 0.175 0.202 0.187 0.164 0.217 0.222 0.186 0.21 0.223 -0.066 0.115 0.216 0.238 0.127 0.297 0.276 0.296 0.26 0.233 0.215 0.181 0.138 0.15 0.168 0.162 0.167 0.12 0 0 0 0
Margins
Gross Profit Margin 53.78% 52.42% 49.57% 30.53% 30.54% 32.34% 40.02% 44.25% 51.48% 58.77% 56.41% 56.01% 56.14% 50.38% 50.47% 50.63% 50.84% 52.44% 53.17% 53.72% 53.74% 54.79% 55.72% 54.95% 54.14% 70.98% 72.31% 71.56% 69.25% 68.02% 68.12% 68.63% 69.95% 71.08% 71.79% 71.89% 72.55% 72.68% 68.26% 69.08% 67.28%
Operating Profit Margin 20.11% 15.42% 10.75% 4.5% 4.23% 4% 6.94% 12.24% 12.85% 19.2% 17.74% 17.17% 16.7% 15.08% 15.16% 15.7% 15.25% 18.04% 19.03% 20.17% 19.81% 21.18% 21.99% 18.11% 17.67% 25.64% 24.79% 23.14% 23.57% 22.02% 23.56% 22.33% 21.19% 20.69% 21.16% 20.88% 20.86% 19.8% 11.06% 10.94% 9.37%
Pretax Profit Margin 5.49% -2.58% -2.11% 1.13% -0.202% -5.16% 0.847% 5.86% 7.97% 6.77% 17.08% 11.29% 10.42% 12.33% 7.85% 9.86% 12.45% 11.39% 10.78% 15.9% 15.12% 14.11% 15.76% 14.05% 18.59% 20.69% 21.62% 18.82% 19.46% 17.78% 17.41% 17.32% 16.22% 14.43% 13.85% 10.25% 9.08% 13.74% 13.11% 13.06% 11.9%
Net Profit Margin 3.88% 0.506% -18.55% 1.04% 0.095% -5.36% 0.415% 5.64% 7.36% 3.75% 11.4% 8.74% 3.69% 9.08% 11.7% 5.39% 7.6% 6.7% 5.98% 9.38% 8.82% 9.69% 10.88% 10.79% 11.85% 16.04% 16.69% 16.47% 13.68% 12.7% 16.4% 8.38% 9.97% 2.92% 8.86% 6.67% 6.49% 9.18% 8.86% 8.46% 8.21%
Operating Cash Flow Margin 15.33% 11.31% 3.82% 4.97% 8.21% 8.5% 8.36% 10.73% 13.97% 16.46% 14.4% 17.16% 16.14% 13.47% 17.43% 17.55% 14.8% 15.82% 17.3% -4.98% 10.05% 19.05% 18.6% 11.4% 25.13% 22.48% 25.74% 22.06% 18.47% 18.71% 16.22% 14.32% 12.42% 14.56% 14.6% 15.45% 11.55% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Free Cash Flow Margin 11.8% 7.74% -1.13% 1.45% 3.2% 5.54% 4.08% 6.44% 9.15% 11.06% 9.74% 12.43% 12.59% 9.86% 14.48% 15.34% 11.8% 12.03% 12.98% -10.68% 4.62% 12.66% 12.36% 6.3% 18.91% 15.55% 17.74% 10.27% 11.94% 9.96% 4.8% 3.75% 4.18% 8.02% 7.08% 5.35% 1.13% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Return
Return on Assets 2.3% 0.302% -9.03% 0.779% 0.071% -3.65% 0.243% 3.05% 3.91% 1.92% 6.66% 5.15% 2.11% 5.66% 7.58% 3.46% 4.95% 4.81% 3.84% 6.27% 4.46% 4.89% 5.6% 5.45% 5.87% 7.88% 7.74% 7.52% 6.67% 5.76% 7.43% 3.7% 5.2% 1.54% 4.63% 3.52% 3.33% 5.08% 8.2% 8.29% 8.53%
Return on Equity -12.97% -1.77% 104.6% 60.9% 3.11% -269.7% 4.65% 177.9% 138.6% -107.9% 228.3% 432% 75.81% 402.4% -1,584% -302.7% 3,099% -223.4% 57.02% 77.15% 34.69% 37.25% 45.81% 55.75% 54.79% 48.45% 39.14% 34.98% 28.09% 20.96% 25.67% 15.71% 18.87% 6.07% 16.4% 13.41% 13.07% 19.27% 19.38% 22.57% 19.24%
Return on Capital Employed 21.18% 18.12% 9.42% 5.29% 4.81% 4.24% 5.71% 9.71% 9.9% 16.31% 16.51% 15.9% 14.22% 14.84% 15.83% 14.46% 14.19% 20.57% 19.46% 19.79% 13.79% 16.2% 16.11% 14.84% 13.92% 19.83% 17.66% 16.39% 20.05% 16.78% 19.29% 21.35% 21.33% 20.88% 20.83% 21.03% 17.96% 17.88% 15.18% 16.03% 14.49%
Return on Invested Capital 18.25% -48.77% 17.58% 6.3% -2.94% 6.08% 11.07% 11.94% 11.7% 9.8% 13.65% 15.9% 14.11% 13.65% 17.01% 9.69% 9.96% 14.5% 11.96% 13.07% 8.47% 11.7% 11.6% 11.14% 9.77% 14.48% 12.67% 11.32% 13.61% 11.88% 12.96% 13.42% 13.31% 13.44% 13.45% 13.6% 12.62% 11.82% 10.88% 10.81% 10.14%
Turnover Ratios
Receivables Turnover Ratio 2.91 2.87 2.72 3.86 4.04 3.62 8.58 8.64 6.77 2.19 2.55 2.7 2.42 2.49 2.54 2.45 2.43 2.68 2.53 2.68 2.68 2.52 2.52 2.38 2.05 2.04 1.72 1.96 2.03 2.2 2.23 7.74 2.52 8.99 2.4 2.5 2.49 2.5 4.84 5.45 5.36
Payables Turnover Ratio 1.28 4.02 1.26 7.79 8.2 8.15 6.81 6.37 6.05 4.19 5.16 6.26 6.29 6.7 2.97 1.82 1.93 3.13 11.42 2.99 3.13 29.1 1.46 1.59 1.33 1.13 1.15 3.75 4.49 1.39 1.39 1.24 1.58 1.62 1.62 1.6 1.58 0 0 0 0
Inventory Turnover Ratio 11.79 16.12 16.63 29.36 32.47 33.64 28.16 28.75 19.21 13.26 17.55 19.81 16.39 13.54 14.64 15.85 17.5 18.46 14.5 11.19 11.24 10.84 9.67 9.42 11.6 6.71 4.1 3.73 4.75 4.19 3.64 2.38 2.7 2.88 2.75 2.36 1.79 1.94 1.87 1.8 2.07
Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio 6.15 5.68 5.14 4.75 5.46 5.63 5.18 5.46 6.37 5.93 7.05 7.87 8.21 7.82 7.96 7.46 6.36 6.44 5.76 4.32 5.05 7.69 7 7.09 4.09 3.48 2.92 2.72 2.98 7.6 2.79 5.65 6.38 2.98 2.75 2.68 2.54 2.6 2.53 2.55 2.65
Asset Turnover Ratio 0.593 0.596 0.487 0.746 0.741 0.68 0.586 0.541 0.532 0.511 0.584 0.589 0.571 0.624 0.648 0.642 0.651 0.717 0.642 0.668 0.505 0.505 0.515 0.505 0.496 0.491 0.464 0.457 0.487 0.453 0.453 0.442 0.521 0.528 0.522 0.527 0.513 0.553 0.925 0.98 1.04
Per Share Items ()
Revenue Per Share 11.43 11.29 11.84 20.34 21.12 20.72 18.18 17.15 19.05 16.05 17.9 18.91 19.2 24.47 26.13 26.34 26.94 30.05 28.06 25.85 23.45 21.45 18.75 18.45 16.8 15.15 14.27 12.75 13.75 12.49 11.85 10.39 11.14 10.92 10.5 10.02 9.17 0 0 0 0
Operating Cash Flow Per Share 1.75 1.28 0.452 1.01 1.73 1.76 1.52 1.84 2.66 2.64 2.58 3.25 3.1 3.29 4.56 4.62 3.99 4.75 4.85 -1.29 2.36 4.09 3.49 2.1 4.22 3.4 3.67 2.81 2.54 2.34 1.92 1.49 1.38 1.59 1.53 1.55 1.06 0 0 0 0
Free Cash Flow Per Share 1.35 0.873 -0.133 0.294 0.675 1.15 0.741 1.1 1.74 1.78 1.74 2.35 2.42 2.41 3.78 4.04 3.18 3.61 3.64 -2.76 1.08 2.72 2.32 1.16 3.18 2.36 2.53 1.31 1.64 1.24 0.57 0.39 0.466 0.876 0.743 0.536 0.104 0 0 0 0
Cash & Short Term Investments 1.99 2.71 3.54 3.92 4.29 5.48 5.9 4.95 5.68 4.32 3.84 5.5 4.66 4.74 4.3 2.5 2.07 1.91 2.02 1.36 1.31 1.39 1.2 1.33 0.951 0.833 0.961 0.458 0.49 0.457 0.285 0.239 0.172 0.226 0.357 0.248 0.195 0.146 0.297 0.221 0.208
Earnings Per Share 0.444 0.057 -2.2 0.212 0.02 -1.11 0.075 0.968 1.4 0.602 2.04 1.65 0.708 2.22 3.06 1.42 2.05 2.01 1.68 2.42 2.07 2.08 2.04 1.99 1.99 2.43 2.38 2.1 1.88 1.59 1.94 0.871 1.11 0.319 0.93 0.668 0.596 0 0 0 0
EBITDA Per Share 2.97 2.38 1.91 1.86 1.83 1.77 2.16 2.89 3.43 4.04 4.04 4.23 4.17 4.96 5.31 5.61 5.75 7.24 7.09 6.9 6.1 5.87 5.31 4.45 4.26 5.14 5.08 4.27 4.31 3.69 3.7 3.17 3.19 3.06 2.97 2.78 2.53 2.21 1.23 1.1 0.911
Dividend Per Share 0.262 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.201 0.75 0.749 0.757 0.751 0.751 0.937 1.5 1.48 1.46 1.44 1.4 1.32 1.28 1.24 1.22 1.15 1.18 1.16 1.14 1.02 0.902 0.827 0.696 0.606 0.517 0.447 0.392 0.34 0.297 0.261 0 0 0 0
Enterprise Value Per Share 20.04 15.94 13.97 14.65 17.03 17.05 14.88 19.26 26.06 28.98 31.57 34.97 35.24 25.95 35.2 42.52 42.17 46.15 57.8 64.33 61.51 63.83 54.04 47.91 50.89 43.84 58.63 74.87 54.33 37.13 33.28 26.08 29.24 28.69 24.53 18.75 20.35 0 0 0 0
Book Value Per Share -3.42 -3.22 -2.1 0.349 0.648 0.412 1.62 0.544 1.01 -0.558 0.894 0.382 0.934 0.552 -0.193 -0.469 0.066 -0.901 2.94 3.14 5.96 5.58 4.45 3.57 3.63 5.02 6.08 6.01 6.7 7.57 7.57 5.54 5.89 5.26 5.67 4.98 4.56 0 0 0 0
Price Per Share 8.85 7.24 4.4 3.8 6.63 6.16 4.03 5.91 11.18 15.19 20.65 24.37 23.3 10.64 18.54 24.18 22.76 25.48 38.04 46.19 42.25 46.28 40.62 32.66 37.61 32.34 47.17 64.5 43.91 26.73 22.94 15.5 20.2 19.47 15.41 9.7 11.72 0 0 0 0
Dividend Ratios
Dividend Payout Ratio 61.37% 351% -9.13% 93.98% 992.3% -18% 266% 77.54% 53.37% 125.7% 36.8% 45.43% 132.2% 67.52% 48.52% 103.1% 70.27% 69.47% 78.74% 52.84% 60.08% 58.74% 56.39% 59.32% 58.39% 47.02% 42.89% 42.94% 43.98% 43.91% 31.16% 59.36% 40.23% 122.7% 36.54% 44.47% 43.76% 29.5% 30.28% 30.26% 30.14%
Annual Dividend Yield 2.96% 2.77% 4.56% 5.25% 3.02% 3.25% 4.98% 12.69% 6.7% 4.98% 3.64% 3.08% 4.02% 14.1% 8% 6.05% 6.32% 5.49% 3.48% 2.77% 2.94% 2.64% 2.83% 3.62% 3.09% 3.53% 2.17% 1.4% 1.88% 2.61% 2.64% 3.33% 2.21% 2.01% 2.21% 3.06% 2.22% 2.21% 2.03% 1.85% 2.53%
Effective Tax Rate 28.93% 295.9% -39.5% 7.37% 147.3% -3.88% -47.92% 3.41% 7.65% 53.01% 31.07% 26.16% 20.6% 24.86% 10.76% 38.49% 34.65% 34.34% 42.41% 36.63% 40.48% 31.3% 31.38% 29.34% 32.89% 29.86% 31.67% 32.72% 34.22% 31.13% 34.13% 38.5% 38.55% 36.98% 37.63% 36.94% 31% 34.93% 32.43% 35.97% 33.69%
Short Term Coverage Ratio 18.33 4.3 1.35 5.37 12.19 1.16 13.32 1.73 1.83 0.799 1.12 2.02 0 1.76 1.67 17.8 3.65 1.29 1.11 -0.584 0.629 0.78 1.17 0.305 0.966 0.683 0.743 0.613 0.358 0.362 0.27 0.178 0.211 0.256 0.25 0.265 0.238 0 0 0 0
Capital Expenditure Coverage Ratio 4.34 3.17 0.772 1.41 1.64 2.88 1.95 2.5 2.9 3.05 3.09 3.63 4.54 3.74 5.9 7.95 4.94 4.17 4.01 -0.874 1.85 2.98 2.98 2.24 4.04 3.25 3.22 1.89 2.91 2.54 1.71 1.36 1.51 2.23 1.94 1.53 1.11 0 0 0 0
EBIT Per Revenue 0.201 0.154 0.108 0.045 0.042 0.04 0.069 0.122 0.128 0.192 0.177 0.172 0.167 0.151 0.152 0.157 0.152 0.18 0.19 0.202 0.198 0.212 0.22 0.181 0.177 0.256 0.248 0.231 0.236 0.22 0.236 0.223 0.212 0.207 0.212 0.209 0.209 0.198 0.111 0.109 0.094
EBITDA Per Revenue 0.26 0.211 0.162 0.091 0.087 0.085 0.119 0.169 0.18 0.252 0.226 0.224 0.217 0.203 0.203 0.213 0.213 0.241 0.253 0.267 0.26 0.274 0.283 0.241 0.254 0.339 0.356 0.335 0.314 0.295 0.312 0.305 0.286 0.28 0.283 0.278 0.276 0.261 0.174 0.171 0.15
Days of Sales Outstanding 125.4 127.2 134.2 94.63 90.34 100.7 42.53 42.26 53.92 166.6 143 135.1 151.1 146.5 143.7 149.2 150 136.1 144.3 136.3 136.1 144.6 145 153.2 177.9 179.3 211.8 186 179.8 165.9 163.8 47.13 144.9 40.6 152 146.2 146.8 146.2 75.42 66.97 68.07
Days of Inventory Outstanding 30.95 22.65 21.95 12.43 11.24 10.85 12.96 12.7 19 27.53 20.79 18.42 22.27 26.96 24.93 23.03 20.86 19.77 25.17 32.61 32.48 33.66 37.74 38.75 31.47 54.44 89.06 97.8 76.9 87.07 100.3 153.2 135.3 126.6 132.8 155 203.5 187.9 194.8 203.1 176.5
Days of Payables Outstanding 285.7 90.74 288.8 46.83 44.49 44.8 53.57 57.28 60.36 87.15 70.73 58.32 58.07 54.46 122.7 200.3 188.7 116.7 31.97 122.2 116.7 12.54 250.8 229.4 275.3 322.6 316.7 97.21 81.28 262.5 263.5 294.7 231.7 226 225.8 227.9 231.7 0 0 0 0
Cash Conversion Cycle -129.3 59.06 -132.6 60.23 57.1 66.74 1.92 -2.32 12.56 107 93.08 95.21 115.3 119 45.86 -28.04 -17.81 39.18 137.5 46.7 51.84 165.7 -68.12 -37.44 -65.87 -88.82 -15.87 186.6 175.5 -9.48 0.539 -94.39 48.62 -58.8 58.99 73.38 118.6 334.1 270.2 270 244.6
Cash Conversion Ratio 3.95 22.37 -0.206 4.76 85.98 -1.59 20.15 1.9 1.9 4.39 1.26 1.96 4.37 1.48 1.49 3.26 1.95 2.36 2.89 -0.531 1.14 1.97 1.71 1.06 2.12 1.4 1.54 1.34 1.35 1.47 0.989 1.71 1.25 4.99 1.65 2.32 1.78 0 0 0 0
Free Cash Flow to Earnings 3.04 15.3 0.061 1.38 33.5 -1.03 9.82 1.14 1.24 2.95 0.854 1.42 3.41 1.09 1.24 2.85 1.55 1.79 2.17 -1.14 0.524 1.31 1.14 0.584 1.6 0.97 1.06 0.624 0.873 0.784 0.293 0.448 0.42 2.75 0.799 0.802 0.174 0 0 0 0
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Discounting Cash Flows

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