Discover Financial Services (DFS) Discounted Future Market Cap

Discover Financial Services

DFS (NYSE)

(%)

Valuation
Discover Financial Services Discounted Future Market Cap

"""
    Model: Discounted Future Market Cap

# Render model description
model.render_description(r"""
## Discounted Future Market Cap

This model estimates the intrinsic value of a common share by projecting the Future Market Capitalization using the estimated PE Ratio and then discounting it to the Present using an Annual Required Rate of Return.
""")

# Initialize assumptions
assumptions.init({
    "data": {
        "%discount_rate": None,
        "beta": data.get("profile:beta", default=1),
        "%risk_free_rate": data.get("treasury:year10"),
        "%market_premium": data.get("risk:totalEquityRiskPremium"),
        "pe_ratio": data.get("ratio:priceEarningsRatio"),
        "%revenue_growth_rate": None,
        "%net_income_margin": None,
        "historical_years": 10,
        "projection_years": 5,
    },
    "hierarchies": [{
        "parent": "%discount_rate",
        "children": ["beta", "%risk_free_rate", "%market_premium"]
    }]
})

# Calculate cost of equity
cost_of_equity = assumptions.get("%risk_free_rate") + assumptions.get("beta") * assumptions.get("%market_premium")
assumptions.set("%discount_rate", cost_of_equity)

# Compute metrics
data.compute({
    "%grossMargin": "income:grossProfit / income:revenue",
    "%operating_margin": "income:operatingIncome / income:revenue",
    "%netMargin": "income:netIncome / income:revenue",
    "%revenueGrowthRate": "function:growth:income:revenue",
    "%netIncomeGrowthRate": "function:growth:income:netIncome",
    "%totalStockholdersEquityGrowthRate": "function:growth:balance:totalStockholdersEquity",

# Calculating NOPAT (Net Operating Profit After Taxes)
    "%taxRate": "income:incomeTaxExpense / income:incomeBeforeTax",
    "incomeTax": "income:operatingIncome * %taxRate",
    "nopat": "income:operatingIncome - incomeTax",

# Calculating Invested Capital
    "investedCapital": [
        "balance:totalNonCurrentAssets", "-", "balance:cashAndCashEquivalents", "+",
        "balance:totalCurrentAssets", "-", "balance:totalCurrentLiabilities"
    ],
    "%roic": "nopat / investedCapital",
})

data.set_default_range(f"{-assumptions.get('historical_years')}->0")

assumptions.set("%net_income_margin", data.average(f"%netMargin"))
assumptions.set_bounds(
    "%net_income_margin", low=0, high="100%"
)

assumptions.set("%revenue_growth_rate", data.average(f"%revenueGrowthRate"))
assumptions.set_bounds(
    "%revenue_growth_rate", low=0, high="25%"
)

# Compute forecasted values and ratios
data.compute({
    "income:revenue": f"""
        income:revenue:-1 * 
        (1 + {assumptions.get('%revenue_growth_rate')})
    """,
    "%revenueGrowthRate": "function:growth:income:revenue",
    "income:netIncome": f"income:revenue * {assumptions.get('%net_income_margin')}",
}, forecast=assumptions.get("projection_years"))

projected_revenue = data.get("income:revenue")
projected_net_income = data.get(f"income:netIncome:{assumptions.get('projection_years')}")

shares_outstanding = data.get("income:weightedAverageShsOut")
future_market_cap = assumptions.get("pe_ratio") * projected_net_income
discounted_future_market_cap = future_market_cap / (
            (1 + assumptions.get("%discount_rate")) ** assumptions.get("projection_years"))

stock_value = discounted_future_market_cap / shares_outstanding

# Set the final value
model.set_final_value({
    "value": stock_value,
    "units": "$"
})

# Render results
model.render_results([
    [stock_value, "Present Value", "$"],
    [projected_net_income, "Estimated net income", "$"],
    [future_market_cap, "Estimated market capitalization", "$"],
    [discounted_future_market_cap, "Market capitalization discounted to present", "$"],
    [shares_outstanding, "Shares Outstanding", "#"],
    [data.get("income:eps"), "Earnings Per Share (EPS)", "$"],
    [data.get("profile:price"), "Market Price", "$"],
    [data.get("ratio:priceEarningsRatio"), "Price to Earnings (PE) Ratio", "#"]
])

# Render chart
model.render_chart({
    "data": {
        "income:revenue": "Revenue",
        "income:netIncome": "Net Income"
    },
    "start": -assumptions.get("historical_years"),
    "end": "*",
    "properties": {
        "title": "Historical and forecasted data",
        "set_editable": [
            "income:revenue",
            "income:netIncome"
        ]
    }
})

# Render table for estimated future values
model.render_table({
    "data": {
        "income:revenue": "Revenue",
        "%revenueGrowthRate": "Revenue Growth Rate",
        "income:netIncome": "Net Income",
    },
    "start": -1,
    "end": "*",
    "properties": {
        "title": "Estimated Future Values",
        "order": "ascending",
        "number_format": "M"
    }
})

# Render historical values table
model.render_table({
    "data": {
        "income:revenue": "Revenue",
        "income:costOfRevenue": "Cost of Revenue",
        "income:grossProfit": "Gross Profit",
        "%grossMargin": "Gross Margin",
        "income:operatingIncome": "Operating Income",
        "%operating_margin": "Operating Margin",
        "income:netIncome": "Net Income",
        "%netMargin": "Net Margin",
    },
    "start": -assumptions.get("historical_years"),
    "end": 0,
    "properties": {
        "title": "Historical Values",
        "display_averages": True,
        "order": "descending",
        "number_format": "M"
    },
})

# Render historical growth rates table
model.render_table({
    "data": {
        "income:revenue": "Revenue",
        "%revenueGrowthRate": "Revenue Growth Rate",
        "income:netIncome": "Net Income",
        "%netMargin": "Net Margin",
        "%netIncomeGrowthRate": "Net Income Growth Rate",
        "balance:totalStockholdersEquity": "Stockholders Equity",
        "%totalStockholdersEquityGrowthRate": "Equity Growth Rate",
        "%roic": "Return on Invested Capital (ROIC)",
        "nopat": "After-tax Operating Income",
        "%taxRate": "Income Tax Rate",
        "investedCapital": "Invested Capital",
    },
    "start": -assumptions.get("historical_years"),
    "end": 0,
    "properties": {
        "title": "Historical Growth Rates",
        "display_averages": True,
        "order": "descending",
        "number_format": "M"
    },
})

# Set description for assumptions
assumptions.set_description({
    "%discount_rate": r"""
        ## Discount Rate

`Discount Rate` = `Cost of Equity` = `Risk Free Rate` + `Beta` * `Market Premium`

The cost of equity is the theoretical rate of return that an equity investment should generate. It is calculated using the CAPM formula.

[Read More](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/costofequity.asp#mntl-sc-block_1-0-20)
    """,

"beta": r"""
        ## Beta

Beta is a value that measures the price fluctuations (volatility) of a stock with respect to fluctuations in the overall stock market.
    """,

"%risk_free_rate": r"""
        ## Risk-Free Rate

The risk-free rate represents the interest an investor would expect from an absolutely risk-free investment over a specified period of time.
        By default, it is equal to the current yield of the U.S. 10 Year Treasury Bond.
    """,

"%market_premium": r"""
        ## Market Premium

Market risk premium represents the excess returns over the risk-free rate that investors expect for taking on the incremental risks connected to the equities market.
    """,

"pe_ratio": r"""
        ## Price to Earnings (PE) Ratio

Estimated Price to Earnings (PE) Ratio at the end of the projection period.

`Future Market Cap` = `PE Ratio` * `Projected Net Income`
    """,

"%revenue_growth_rate": r"""
        ## Revenue Growth Rate

The annual revenue growth rate is applied to projected revenue starting from the second projection year onward.
    """,

"%net_income_margin": r"""
        ## Net Income Margin

Net Income expressed as a percentage of Revenue.
    """,

"historical_years": r"""
        ## Historical Years

The number of historical years used to calculate averages for historical data.
    """,

"projection_years": r"""
        ## Projection Years

The number of years for projecting the analysis into the future.
    """,
})

print("End of model.")

Estimated Value

USD

Market Price USD

* Values are not guaranteed, please do your own
research before making investment decisions.

Discounted Future Market Cap

Interactive Assumptions

Discount Rate Discount Rate `Discount Rate` = `Cost of Equity` = `Risk Free Rate` + `Beta` * `Market Premium` The cost of equity is the theoretical rate of return that an equity investment should generate. It is calculated using the CAPM formula. Read More	%
↳ Beta Beta Beta is a value that measures the price fluctuations (volatility) of a stock with respect to fluctuations in the overall stock market.	#
↳ Risk Free Rate Risk-Free Rate The risk-free rate represents the interest an investor would expect from an absolutely risk-free investment over a specified period of time. By default, it is equal to the current yield of the U.S. 10 Year Treasury Bond.	%
↳ Market Premium Market Premium Market risk premium represents the excess returns over the risk-free rate that investors expect for taking on the incremental risks connected to the equities market.	%
Pe Ratio Price to Earnings (PE) Ratio Estimated Price to Earnings (PE) Ratio at the end of the projection period. `Future Market Cap` = `PE Ratio` * `Projected Net Income`	#
Revenue Growth Rate Revenue Growth Rate The annual revenue growth rate is applied to projected revenue starting from the second projection year onward.	%
Net Income Margin Net Income Margin Net Income expressed as a percentage of Revenue.	%
Historical Years Historical Years The number of historical years used to calculate averages for historical data.	#
Projection Years Projection Years The number of years for projecting the analysis into the future.	#

Results
Present Value	369.2 USD
Estimated net income	9.34 Bil. USD
Estimated market capitalization	144.1 Bil. USD
Market capitalization discounted to present	93.04 Bil. USD
Shares Outstanding	252 Mil.
Earnings Per Share (EPS)	18.74 USD
Market Price	200 USD
Price to Earnings (PE) Ratio	15.44

Historical and forecasted data

Monetary values in USD

{"sectionId": "section-chart-1", "sectionType": "chart", "title": "Historical and forecasted data", "timeseries": "annual", "series": [{"label": "Revenue", "mappingKey": "income:revenue", "data": [{"l": "2015", "x": "2015-12-31", "y": 8739000000}, {"l": "2016", "x": "2016-12-31", "y": 9099000000}, {"l": "2017", "x": "2017-12-31", "y": 9897000000}, {"l": "2018", "x": "2018-12-31", "y": 10709000000}, {"l": "2019", "x": "2019-12-31", "y": 11459000000}, {"l": "2020", "x": "2020-12-31", "y": 11088000000}, {"l": "2021", "x": "2021-12-31", "y": 12087000000}, {"l": "2022", "x": "2022-12-31", "y": 13337000000}, {"l": "2023", "x": "2023-12-31", "y": 9842000000}, {"l": "2024", "x": "2024-12-31", "y": 20020000000}, {"l": "2025", "x": "2025-12-31", "y": 22480458000, "oy": 22480458000, "e": true, "d": 2025, "g": 12.29, "og": 12.29}, {"l": "2026", "x": "2026-12-31", "y": 25243306288, "oy": 25243306288, "e": true, "d": 2026, "g": 12.29, "og": 12.29}, {"l": "2027", "x": "2027-12-31", "y": 28345708631, "oy": 28345708631, "e": true, "d": 2027, "g": 12.29, "og": 12.29}, {"l": "2028", "x": "2028-12-31", "y": 31829396221, "oy": 31829396221, "e": true, "d": 2028, "g": 12.29, "og": 12.29}, {"l": "2029", "x": "2029-12-31", "y": 35741229017, "oy": 35741229017, "e": true, "d": 2029, "g": 12.29, "og": 12.29}], "dataType": ".", "displayAs": "line", "dataTimeseries": "annual", "hidden": false}, {"label": "Net Income", "mappingKey": "income:netIncome", "data": [{"l": "2015", "x": "2015-12-31", "y": 2297000000}, {"l": "2016", "x": "2016-12-31", "y": 2393000000}, {"l": "2017", "x": "2017-12-31", "y": 2099000000}, {"l": "2018", "x": "2018-12-31", "y": 2742000000}, {"l": "2019", "x": "2019-12-31", "y": 2957000000}, {"l": "2020", "x": "2020-12-31", "y": 1141000000}, {"l": "2021", "x": "2021-12-31", "y": 5422000000}, {"l": "2022", "x": "2022-12-31", "y": 4374000000}, {"l": "2023", "x": "2023-12-31", "y": 2940000000}, {"l": "2024", "x": "2024-12-31", "y": 4535000000}, {"l": "2025", "x": "2025-12-31", "y": 5871895629, "oy": 5871895629, "e": true, "d": 2025, "g": 29.48, "og": 29.48}, {"l": "2026", "x": "2026-12-31", "y": 6593551602, "oy": 6593551602, "e": true, "d": 2026, "g": 12.29, "og": 12.29}, {"l": "2027", "x": "2027-12-31", "y": 7403899094, "oy": 7403899094, "e": true, "d": 2027, "g": 12.29, "og": 12.29}, {"l": "2028", "x": "2028-12-31", "y": 8313838293, "oy": 8313838293, "e": true, "d": 2028, "g": 12.29, "og": 12.29}, {"l": "2029", "x": "2029-12-31", "y": 9335609019, "oy": 9335609019, "e": true, "d": 2029, "g": 12.29, "og": 12.29}], "dataType": ".", "displayAs": "line", "dataTimeseries": "annual", "hidden": false}], "editableDates": {"2025-12-31": 23, "2026-12-31": 24, "2027-12-31": 25, "2028-12-31": 26, "2029-12-31": 27}, "properties": {"display_table": true}, "width": "full"}

Edit Chart Values	2025-12-31	2026-12-31	2027-12-31	2028-12-31	2029-12-31

↳ Growth Rate

Estimated Future Values

Monetary values in USD amounts except #	2024 Dec 31	LTM Feb 15	2025 Dec 31	2026 Dec 31	2027 Dec 31	2028 Dec 31	2029 Dec 31
Revenue	20,020	22,148	22,480	25,243	28,346	31,829	35,741
Revenue Growth Rate	103.4%	10.63%	12.29%	12.29%	12.29%	12.29%	12.29%
Net Income	4,535	4,795	5,872	6,594	7,404	8,314	9,336

Monetary values in USD

amounts except #

2024
Dec 31

LTM
Feb 15

2025
Dec 31

2026
Dec 31

2027
Dec 31

2028
Dec 31

2029
Dec 31

Revenue

20,020

22,148

22,480

25,243

28,346

31,829

35,741

Revenue Growth Rate

103.4%

10.63%

12.29%

Net Income

4,535

4,795

5,872

6,594

7,404

8,314

9,336

Historical Values

Monetary values in USD amounts except #	Average	LTM Feb 15	2024 Dec 31	2023 Dec 31	2022 Dec 31	2021 Dec 31	2020 Dec 31	2019 Dec 31	2018 Dec 31	2017 Dec 31	2016 Dec 31	2015 Dec 31
Revenue	12,584	22,148	20,020	9,842	13,337	12,087	11,088	11,459	10,709	9,897	9,099	8,739
Cost of Revenue	879.2	7,561	2,110	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gross Profit	11,705	14,587	17,910	9,842	13,337	12,087	11,088	11,459	10,709	9,897	9,099	8,739
Gross Margin	95.94%	65.86%	89.46%	100%	100%	100%	100%	100%	100%	100%	100%	100%
Operating Income	6,476	7,652	17,676	5,114	7,607	7,064	1,435	3,835	5,736	5,185	5,054	4,875
Operating Margin	50.36%	34.55%	88.29%	51.96%	57.04%	58.44%	12.94%	33.47%	53.56%	52.39%	55.54%	55.78%
Net Income	3,245	4,795	4,535	2,940	4,374	5,422	1,141	2,957	2,742	2,099	2,393	2,297
Net Margin	26.12%	21.65%	22.65%	29.87%	32.8%	44.86%	10.29%	25.81%	25.6%	21.21%	26.3%	26.28%

Historical Growth Rates

Monetary values in USD amounts except #	Average	LTM Feb 15	2024 Dec 31	2023 Dec 31	2022 Dec 31	2021 Dec 31	2020 Dec 31	2019 Dec 31	2018 Dec 31	2017 Dec 31	2016 Dec 31	2015 Dec 31
Revenue	12,584	22,148	20,020	9,842	13,337	12,087	11,088	11,459	10,709	9,897	9,099	8,739
Revenue Growth Rate	12.28%	10.63%	103.4%	-26.21%	10.34%	9.01%	-3.24%	7%	8.21%	8.77%	4.12%	3.09%
Net Income	3,245	4,795	4,535	2,940	4,374	5,422	1,141	2,957	2,742	2,099	2,393	2,297
Net Margin	26.12%	21.65%	22.65%	29.87%	32.8%	44.86%	10.29%	25.81%	25.6%	21.21%	26.3%	26.28%
Net Income Growth Rate	31.9%	5.73%	54.25%	-32.78%	-19.33%	375.2%	-61.41%	7.84%	30.63%	-12.29%	4.18%	-1.12%
Stockholders Equity	13,254	18,963	17,926	14,235	13,895	13,408	10,884	11,859	11,130	10,892	11,323	11,275
Equity Growth Rate	5.4%	5.79%	25.93%	2.45%	3.63%	23.19%	-8.22%	6.55%	2.19%	-3.81%	0.426%	1.27%
Return on Invested Capital (ROIC)	17.42%	20.57%	41.04%	12.95%	22.32%	23.55%	6.15%	9.65%	17.45%	12.87%	13.31%	11.76%
After-tax Operating Income	4,734	5,725	13,197	3,930	5,819	5,449	1,141	2,957	4,373	3,077	3,308	3,100
Income Tax Rate	27.17%	25.19%	25.34%	23.16%	23.51%	22.86%	20.49%	22.89%	23.77%	40.66%	34.55%	36.41%
Invested Capital	26,264	27,829	32,157	30,347	26,065	23,135	18,561	30,636	25,059	23,912	24,852	26,353