GrafTech International Ltd. (EAF) Discounted Future Market Cap

GrafTech International Ltd.

EAF (NYSE)

(%)

Valuation
GrafTech International Ltd. Discounted Future Market Cap

"""
    Model: Discounted Future Market Cap

# Render model description
model.render_description(r"""
## Discounted Future Market Cap

This model estimates the intrinsic value of a common share by projecting the Future Market Capitalization using the estimated PE Ratio and then discounting it to the Present using an Annual Required Rate of Return.
""")

# Initialize assumptions
assumptions.init({
    "data": {
        "%discount_rate": None,
        "beta": data.get("profile:beta", default=1),
        "%risk_free_rate": data.get("treasury:year10"),
        "%market_premium": data.get("risk:totalEquityRiskPremium"),
        "pe_ratio": data.get("quote:close") / data.get("income:eps"),
        "%revenue_growth_rate": None,
        "%net_income_margin": None,
        "historical_years": 10,
        "projection_years": 5,
    },
    "hierarchies": [{
        "parent": "%discount_rate",
        "children": ["beta", "%risk_free_rate", "%market_premium"]
    }]
})

# Calculate cost of equity
cost_of_equity = assumptions.get("%risk_free_rate") + assumptions.get("beta") * assumptions.get("%market_premium")
assumptions.set("%discount_rate", cost_of_equity)

# Compute metrics
data.compute({
    "%grossMargin": "income:grossProfit / income:revenue",
    "%operating_margin": "income:operatingIncome / income:revenue",
    "%netMargin": "income:netIncome / income:revenue",
    "%revenueGrowthRate": "function:growth:income:revenue",
    "%netIncomeGrowthRate": "function:growth:income:netIncome",
    "%totalStockholdersEquityGrowthRate": "function:growth:balance:totalStockholdersEquity",

# Calculating NOPAT (Net Operating Profit After Taxes)
    "%taxRate": "income:incomeTaxExpense / income:incomeBeforeTax",
    "incomeTax": "income:operatingIncome * %taxRate",
    "nopat": "income:operatingIncome - incomeTax",

# Calculating Invested Capital
    "investedCapital": [
        "balance:totalNonCurrentAssets", "-", "balance:cashAndCashEquivalents", "+",
        "balance:totalCurrentAssets", "-", "balance:totalCurrentLiabilities"
    ],
    "%roic": "nopat / investedCapital",
})

assumptions.set("%net_income_margin",
                data.average(f"%netMargin:{-assumptions.get('historical_years')}->0"))  # Historical average
assumptions.set("%revenue_growth_rate",
                data.average(f"%revenueGrowthRate:{-assumptions.get('historical_years')}->0"))  # Historical average

# Calculate a linear regression for forecasting revenues
data.compute({
    "linearRegressionRevenue": f"function:linear_regression:income:revenue start:{-assumptions.get('historical_years')}",
}, forecast=assumptions.get("projection_years"))

# Compute forecasted values and ratios
data.compute({
    "income:revenue": f"function:compound:{data.get('linearRegressionRevenue:1')} rate:{assumptions.get('%revenue_growth_rate')} offset:-1",
    "%revenueGrowthRate": "function:growth:income:revenue",
    "income:netIncome": f"income:revenue * {assumptions.get('%net_income_margin')}",
}, forecast=assumptions.get("projection_years"))

projected_revenue = data.get("revenue")
projected_net_income = data.get(f"income:netIncome:{assumptions.get('projection_years')}")

shares_outstanding = data.get("income:weightedAverageShsOut")
future_market_cap = assumptions.get("pe_ratio") * projected_net_income
discounted_future_market_cap = future_market_cap / (
            (1 + assumptions.get("%discount_rate")) ** assumptions.get("projection_years"))

stock_value = discounted_future_market_cap / shares_outstanding

# Set the final value
model.set_final_value({
    "value": stock_value,
    "units": "$"
})

# Render results
model.render_results([
    [stock_value, "Present Value", "$"],
    [projected_net_income, "Estimated net income", "$"],
    [future_market_cap, "Estimated market capitalization", "$"],
    [discounted_future_market_cap, "Market capitalization discounted to present", "$"],
    [shares_outstanding, "Shares Outstanding", "#"],
    [data.get("income:eps"), "Earnings Per Share (EPS)", "$"],
    [data.get("quote:close"), "Market Price", "$"],
    [data.get("ratio:priceEarningsRatio"), "Price to Earnings (PE) Ratio", "#"]
])

# Render chart
model.render_chart({
    "data": {
        "income:revenue": "Revenue",
        "income:netIncome": "Net Income",
        "linearRegressionRevenue": "Linear Regression Revenue"
    },
    "start": -assumptions.get("historical_years"),
    "end": "*",
    "properties": {
        "title": "Historical and forecasted data",
        "number_format": "M",
        "set_editable": [
            "income:revenue",
            "income:netIncome"
        ],
        "hidden_keys": ["linearRegressionRevenue"]
    }
})

# Render table for estimated future values
model.render_table({
    "data": {
        "income:revenue": "Revenue",
        "%revenueGrowthRate": "Revenue Growth Rate",
        "income:netIncome": "Net Income",
    },
    "start": -1,
    "end": "*",
    "properties": {
        "title": "Estimated Future Values",
        "order": "ascending",
        "number_format": "M"
    }
})

# Render historical values table
model.render_table({
    "data": {
        "income:revenue": "Revenue",
        "income:costOfRevenue": "Cost of Revenue",
        "income:grossProfit": "Gross Profit",
        "%grossMargin": "Gross Margin",
        "income:operatingIncome": "Operating Income",
        "%operating_margin": "Operating Margin",
        "income:netIncome": "Net Income",
        "%netMargin": "Net Margin",
    },
    "start": -assumptions.get("historical_years"),
    "end": 0,
    "properties": {
        "title": "Historical Values",
        "display_averages": True,
        "order": "descending",
        "number_format": "M"
    },
})

# Render historical growth rates table
model.render_table({
    "data": {
        "income:revenue": "Revenue",
        "%revenueGrowthRate": "Revenue Growth Rate",
        "income:netIncome": "Net Income",
        "%netMargin": "Net Margin",
        "%netIncomeGrowthRate": "Net Income Growth Rate",
        "balance:totalStockholdersEquity": "Stockholders Equity",
        "%totalStockholdersEquityGrowthRate": "Equity Growth Rate",
        "%roic": "Return on Invested Capital (ROIC)",
        "nopat": "After-tax Operating Income",
        "%taxRate": "Income Tax Rate",
        "investedCapital": "Invested Capital",
    },
    "start": -assumptions.get("historical_years"),
    "end": 0,
    "properties": {
        "title": "Historical Growth Rates",
        "display_averages": True,
        "order": "descending",
        "number_format": "M"
    },
})

# Set description for assumptions
assumptions.set_description({
    "%discount_rate": r"""
        ## Discount Rate

`Discount Rate` = `Cost of Equity` = `Risk Free Rate` + `Beta` * `Market Premium`

The cost of equity is the theoretical rate of return that an equity investment should generate. It is calculated using the CAPM formula.

[Read More](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/costofequity.asp#mntl-sc-block_1-0-20)
    """,

"beta": r"""
        ## Beta

Beta is a value that measures the price fluctuations (volatility) of a stock with respect to fluctuations in the overall stock market.
    """,

"%risk_free_rate": r"""
        ## Risk-Free Rate

The risk-free rate represents the interest an investor would expect from an absolutely risk-free investment over a specified period of time.
        By default, it is equal to the current yield of the U.S. 10 Year Treasury Bond.
    """,

"%market_premium": r"""
        ## Market Premium

Market risk premium represents the excess returns over the risk-free rate that investors expect for taking on the incremental risks connected to the equities market.
    """,

"pe_ratio": r"""
        ## Price to Earnings (PE) Ratio

Estimated Price to Earnings (PE) Ratio at the end of the projection period.

`Future Market Cap` = `PE Ratio` * `Projected Net Income`
    """,

"%revenue_growth_rate": r"""
        ## Revenue Growth Rate

The annual revenue growth rate is applied to projected revenue starting from the second projection year onward.
    """,

"%net_income_margin": r"""
        ## Net Income Margin

Net Income expressed as a percentage of Revenue.
    """,

"historical_years": r"""
        ## Historical Years

The number of historical years used to calculate averages for historical data.
    """,

"projection_years": r"""
        ## Projection Years

The number of years for projecting the analysis into the future.
    """,
})

print("End of model.")

Estimated Value

USD

Market Price USD

* Values are not guaranteed, please do your own
research before making investment decisions.

Discounted Future Market Cap

Interactive Assumptions

Discount Rate Discount Rate `Discount Rate` = `Cost of Equity` = `Risk Free Rate` + `Beta` * `Market Premium` The cost of equity is the theoretical rate of return that an equity investment should generate. It is calculated using the CAPM formula. Read More	%
↳ Beta Beta Beta is a value that measures the price fluctuations (volatility) of a stock with respect to fluctuations in the overall stock market.	#
↳ Risk Free Rate Risk-Free Rate The risk-free rate represents the interest an investor would expect from an absolutely risk-free investment over a specified period of time. By default, it is equal to the current yield of the U.S. 10 Year Treasury Bond.	%
↳ Market Premium Market Premium Market risk premium represents the excess returns over the risk-free rate that investors expect for taking on the incremental risks connected to the equities market.	%
Pe Ratio Price to Earnings (PE) Ratio Estimated Price to Earnings (PE) Ratio at the end of the projection period. `Future Market Cap` = `PE Ratio` * `Projected Net Income`	#
Revenue Growth Rate Revenue Growth Rate The annual revenue growth rate is applied to projected revenue starting from the second projection year onward.	%
Net Income Margin Net Income Margin Net Income expressed as a percentage of Revenue.	%
Historical Years Historical Years The number of historical years used to calculate averages for historical data.	#
Projection Years Projection Years The number of years for projecting the analysis into the future.	#

Results
Present Value	-0.042 USD
Estimated net income	9.87 Mil. USD
Estimated market capitalization	-18.34 Mil. USD
Market capitalization discounted to present	-10.94 Mil. USD
Shares Outstanding	258.4 Mil.
Earnings Per Share (EPS)	-0.537 USD
Market Price	0.998 USD
Price to Earnings (PE) Ratio	-1.85

Historical and forecasted data

In Millions of USD

{"sectionId": "section-chart-1", "sectionType": "chart", "title": "Historical and forecasted data", "dates": [2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026, 2027, 2028, 2029], "series": [{"label": "Revenue", "mappingKey": "income:revenue", "data": [533.0, 438.0, 550.8, 1895, 1790, 1224, 1345, 1281, 620.5, 538.8, {"y": 1114, "oy": 1114, "e": true, "c": 2025, "g": 106.8, "og": 106.8}, {"y": 1215, "oy": 1215, "e": true, "c": 2026, "g": 9.08, "og": 9.08}, {"y": 1325, "oy": 1325, "e": true, "c": 2027, "g": 9.08, "og": 9.08}, {"y": 1445, "oy": 1445, "e": true, "c": 2028, "g": 9.08, "og": 9.08}, {"y": 1577, "oy": 1577, "e": true, "c": 2029, "g": 9.08, "og": 9.08}], "dataType": ".", "numberFormat": "M", "hidden": false}, {"label": "Net Income", "mappingKey": "income:netIncome", "data": [-154.2, -235.8, 7.98, 854.2, 744.6, 434.4, 388.3, 383.0, -255.2, -131.2, {"y": 6.97, "oy": 6.97, "e": true, "c": 2025, "g": -105.3, "og": -105.3}, {"y": 7.61, "oy": 7.61, "e": true, "c": 2026, "g": 9.08, "og": 9.08}, {"y": 8.3, "oy": 8.3, "e": true, "c": 2027, "g": 9.08, "og": 9.08}, {"y": 9.05, "oy": 9.05, "e": true, "c": 2028, "g": 9.08, "og": 9.08}, {"y": 9.87, "oy": 9.87, "e": true, "c": 2029, "g": 9.08, "og": 9.08}], "dataType": ".", "numberFormat": "M", "hidden": false}, {"label": "Linear Regression Revenue", "mappingKey": "linearRegressionRevenue", "data": [946.5, 963.3, 980.0, 996.8, 1013, 1030, 1047, 1063, 1080, 1097, 1114, 1130, 1147, 1164, 1181], "dataType": ".", "numberFormat": "M", "hidden": true}], "editableDates": {"2025": 36, "2026": 37, "2027": 38, "2028": 39, "2029": 40}, "properties": {"number_format": "M", "display_table": true}, "width": "full"}

Edit Chart Values	2025	2026	2027	2028	2029

↳ Growth Rate

Estimated Future Values

amounts of USD except for #	2024	LTM	2025	2026	2027	2028	2029
Revenue	538.8	514	1,114	1,215	1,326	1,446	1,577
Revenue Growth Rate	-13.17%	-4.59%	106.8%	9.08%	9.08%	9.08%	9.08%
Net Income	-131.2	-139.6	6.97	7.61	8.3	9.05	9.87

Historical Values

amounts of USD except for #	Average	LTM	2024	2023	2022	2021	2020	2019	2018	2017	2016	2015
Revenue	975.7	514	538.8	620.5	1,281	1,346	1,224	1,791	1,896	550.8	438	533
Cost of Revenue	594.2	534.3	558.6	584.3	726.4	701.3	563.9	750.4	705.7	462.8	467	481.3
Gross Profit	381.6	-20.25	-19.85	36.21	554.9	644.5	660.5	1,040	1,190	87.92	-29.03	51.77
Gross Margin	25.75%	-3.94%	-3.69%	5.84%	43.31%	47.89%	53.95%	58.1%	62.78%	15.96%	-6.63%	9.71%
Operating Income	307.4	-71.64	-75.22	-47.09	474.3	508.1	588.6	974	1,126	35.49	-92.05	-38.78
Operating Margin	16.3%	-13.94%	-13.96%	-7.59%	37.02%	37.75%	48.07%	54.39%	59.39%	6.44%	-21.02%	-7.27%
Net Income	172.4	-139.6	-131.2	-255.2	383	388.3	434.4	744.6	854.2	7.98	-235.8	-154.2
Net Margin	0.626%	-27.17%	-24.34%	-41.14%	29.89%	28.86%	35.48%	41.58%	45.06%	1.45%	-53.85%	-28.93%

Historical Growth Rates

amounts of USD except for #	Average	LTM	2024	2023	2022	2021	2020	2019	2018	2017	2016	2015
Revenue	975.7	514	538.8	620.5	1,281	1,346	1,224	1,791	1,896	550.8	438	533
Revenue Growth Rate	9.08%	-4.59%	-13.17%	-51.57%	-4.8%	9.92%	-31.63%	-5.54%	244.2%	25.76%	-17.84%	-50.89%
Net Income	172.4	-139.6	-131.2	-255.2	383	388.3	434.4	744.6	854.2	7.98	-235.8	-154.2
Net Margin	0.626%	-27.17%	-24.34%	-41.14%	29.89%	28.86%	35.48%	41.58%	45.06%	1.45%	-53.85%	-28.93%
Net Income Growth Rate	929.8%	6.47%	-48.61%	-166.7%	-1.38%	-10.6%	-41.66%	-12.83%	10,600%	-103.4%	52.95%	-45.97%
Stockholders Equity	-169	-101.5	-78.9	78.25	337.7	23.4	-329.4	-691.1	-1,077	-1,409	577.4	810.5
Equity Growth Rate	43.92%	28.69%	-200.8%	-76.83%	1,343%	-107.1%	-52.34%	-35.82%	-23.57%	-344%	-28.76%	-19.31%
Return on Invested Capital (ROIC)	21.43%	-7.19%	-7.77%	-4.76%	32.6%	38.59%	46.02%	70.25%	94.38%	-14.88%	-8.21%	-3.27%
After-tax Operating Income	282.7	-60.72	-64.38	-43.91	401.5	432.3	501.3	860.5	1,065	147	-86.08	-43.19
Income Tax Rate	-20.05%	15.24%	14.42%	6.76%	15.33%	14.92%	14.84%	11.65%	5.42%	-314.2%	6.49%	-11.37%
Invested Capital	888	844.9	828.1	921.5	1,232	1,120	1,089	1,225	1,128	-988.2	1,048	1,319