Ford Motor Company (F) Discounted Future Market Cap

Ford Motor Company

F (NYSE)

(%)

Valuation
Ford Motor Company Discounted Future Market Cap

"""
    Model: Discounted Future Market Cap

# Render model description
model.render_description(r"""
## Discounted Future Market Cap

This model estimates the intrinsic value of a common share by projecting the Future Market Capitalization using the estimated PE Ratio and then discounting it to the Present using an Annual Required Rate of Return.
""")

# Initialize assumptions
assumptions.init({
    "data": {
        "%discount_rate": None,
        "beta": data.get("profile:beta", default=1),
        "%risk_free_rate": data.get("treasury:year10"),
        "%market_premium": data.get("risk:totalEquityRiskPremium"),
        "pe_ratio": data.get("ratio:priceEarningsRatio"),
        "%revenue_growth_rate": None,
        "%net_income_margin": None,
        "historical_years": 10,
        "projection_years": 5,
    },
    "hierarchies": [{
        "parent": "%discount_rate",
        "children": ["beta", "%risk_free_rate", "%market_premium"]
    }]
})

# Calculate cost of equity
cost_of_equity = assumptions.get("%risk_free_rate") + assumptions.get("beta") * assumptions.get("%market_premium")
assumptions.set("%discount_rate", cost_of_equity)

# Compute metrics
data.compute({
    "%grossMargin": "income:grossProfit / income:revenue",
    "%operating_margin": "income:operatingIncome / income:revenue",
    "%netMargin": "income:netIncome / income:revenue",
    "%revenueGrowthRate": "function:growth:income:revenue",
    "%netIncomeGrowthRate": "function:growth:income:netIncome",
    "%totalStockholdersEquityGrowthRate": "function:growth:balance:totalStockholdersEquity",

# Calculating NOPAT (Net Operating Profit After Taxes)
    "%taxRate": "income:incomeTaxExpense / income:incomeBeforeTax",
    "incomeTax": "income:operatingIncome * %taxRate",
    "nopat": "income:operatingIncome - incomeTax",

# Calculating Invested Capital
    "investedCapital": [
        "balance:totalNonCurrentAssets", "-", "balance:cashAndCashEquivalents", "+",
        "balance:totalCurrentAssets", "-", "balance:totalCurrentLiabilities"
    ],
    "%roic": "nopat / investedCapital",
})

data.set_default_range(f"{-assumptions.get('historical_years')}->0")

assumptions.set("%net_income_margin", data.average(f"%netMargin"))
assumptions.set_bounds(
    "%net_income_margin", low=0, high="100%"
)

assumptions.set("%revenue_growth_rate", data.average(f"%revenueGrowthRate"))
assumptions.set_bounds(
    "%revenue_growth_rate", low=0, high="25%"
)

# Compute forecasted values and ratios
data.compute({
    "income:revenue": f"""
        income:revenue:-1 * 
        (1 + {assumptions.get('%revenue_growth_rate')})
    """,
    "%revenueGrowthRate": "function:growth:income:revenue",
    "income:netIncome": f"income:revenue * {assumptions.get('%net_income_margin')}",
}, forecast=assumptions.get("projection_years"))

projected_revenue = data.get("income:revenue")
projected_net_income = data.get(f"income:netIncome:{assumptions.get('projection_years')}")

shares_outstanding = data.get("income:weightedAverageShsOut")
future_market_cap = assumptions.get("pe_ratio") * projected_net_income
discounted_future_market_cap = future_market_cap / (
            (1 + assumptions.get("%discount_rate")) ** assumptions.get("projection_years"))

stock_value = discounted_future_market_cap / shares_outstanding

# Set the final value
model.set_final_value({
    "value": stock_value,
    "units": "$"
})

# Render results
model.render_results([
    [stock_value, "Present Value", "$"],
    [projected_net_income, "Estimated net income", "$"],
    [future_market_cap, "Estimated market capitalization", "$"],
    [discounted_future_market_cap, "Market capitalization discounted to present", "$"],
    [shares_outstanding, "Shares Outstanding", "#"],
    [data.get("income:eps"), "Earnings Per Share (EPS)", "$"],
    [data.get("profile:price"), "Market Price", "$"],
    [data.get("ratio:priceEarningsRatio"), "Price to Earnings (PE) Ratio", "#"]
])

# Render chart
model.render_chart({
    "data": {
        "income:revenue": "Revenue",
        "income:netIncome": "Net Income"
    },
    "start": -assumptions.get("historical_years"),
    "end": "*",
    "properties": {
        "title": "Historical and forecasted data",
        "set_editable": [
            "income:revenue",
            "income:netIncome"
        ]
    }
})

# Render table for estimated future values
model.render_table({
    "data": {
        "income:revenue": "Revenue",
        "%revenueGrowthRate": "Revenue Growth Rate",
        "income:netIncome": "Net Income",
    },
    "start": -1,
    "end": "*",
    "properties": {
        "title": "Estimated Future Values",
        "order": "ascending",
        "number_format": "M"
    }
})

# Render historical values table
model.render_table({
    "data": {
        "income:revenue": "Revenue",
        "income:costOfRevenue": "Cost of Revenue",
        "income:grossProfit": "Gross Profit",
        "%grossMargin": "Gross Margin",
        "income:operatingIncome": "Operating Income",
        "%operating_margin": "Operating Margin",
        "income:netIncome": "Net Income",
        "%netMargin": "Net Margin",
    },
    "start": -assumptions.get("historical_years"),
    "end": 0,
    "properties": {
        "title": "Historical Values",
        "display_averages": True,
        "order": "descending",
        "number_format": "M"
    },
})

# Render historical growth rates table
model.render_table({
    "data": {
        "income:revenue": "Revenue",
        "%revenueGrowthRate": "Revenue Growth Rate",
        "income:netIncome": "Net Income",
        "%netMargin": "Net Margin",
        "%netIncomeGrowthRate": "Net Income Growth Rate",
        "balance:totalStockholdersEquity": "Stockholders Equity",
        "%totalStockholdersEquityGrowthRate": "Equity Growth Rate",
        "%roic": "Return on Invested Capital (ROIC)",
        "nopat": "After-tax Operating Income",
        "%taxRate": "Income Tax Rate",
        "investedCapital": "Invested Capital",
    },
    "start": -assumptions.get("historical_years"),
    "end": 0,
    "properties": {
        "title": "Historical Growth Rates",
        "display_averages": True,
        "order": "descending",
        "number_format": "M"
    },
})

# Set description for assumptions
assumptions.set_description({
    "%discount_rate": r"""
        ## Discount Rate

`Discount Rate` = `Cost of Equity` = `Risk Free Rate` + `Beta` * `Market Premium`

The cost of equity is the theoretical rate of return that an equity investment should generate. It is calculated using the CAPM formula.

[Read More](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/costofequity.asp#mntl-sc-block_1-0-20)
    """,

"beta": r"""
        ## Beta

Beta is a value that measures the price fluctuations (volatility) of a stock with respect to fluctuations in the overall stock market.
    """,

"%risk_free_rate": r"""
        ## Risk-Free Rate

The risk-free rate represents the interest an investor would expect from an absolutely risk-free investment over a specified period of time.
        By default, it is equal to the current yield of the U.S. 10 Year Treasury Bond.
    """,

"%market_premium": r"""
        ## Market Premium

Market risk premium represents the excess returns over the risk-free rate that investors expect for taking on the incremental risks connected to the equities market.
    """,

"pe_ratio": r"""
        ## Price to Earnings (PE) Ratio

Estimated Price to Earnings (PE) Ratio at the end of the projection period.

`Future Market Cap` = `PE Ratio` * `Projected Net Income`
    """,

"%revenue_growth_rate": r"""
        ## Revenue Growth Rate

The annual revenue growth rate is applied to projected revenue starting from the second projection year onward.
    """,

"%net_income_margin": r"""
        ## Net Income Margin

Net Income expressed as a percentage of Revenue.
    """,

"historical_years": r"""
        ## Historical Years

The number of historical years used to calculate averages for historical data.
    """,

"projection_years": r"""
        ## Projection Years

The number of years for projecting the analysis into the future.
    """,
})

print("End of model.")

Estimated Value

USD

Market Price USD

* Values are not guaranteed, please do your own
research before making investment decisions.

Discounted Future Market Cap

Interactive Assumptions

Discount Rate Discount Rate `Discount Rate` = `Cost of Equity` = `Risk Free Rate` + `Beta` * `Market Premium` The cost of equity is the theoretical rate of return that an equity investment should generate. It is calculated using the CAPM formula. Read More	%
↳ Beta Beta Beta is a value that measures the price fluctuations (volatility) of a stock with respect to fluctuations in the overall stock market.	#
↳ Risk Free Rate Risk-Free Rate The risk-free rate represents the interest an investor would expect from an absolutely risk-free investment over a specified period of time. By default, it is equal to the current yield of the U.S. 10 Year Treasury Bond.	%
↳ Market Premium Market Premium Market risk premium represents the excess returns over the risk-free rate that investors expect for taking on the incremental risks connected to the equities market.	%
Pe Ratio Price to Earnings (PE) Ratio Estimated Price to Earnings (PE) Ratio at the end of the projection period. `Future Market Cap` = `PE Ratio` * `Projected Net Income`	#
Revenue Growth Rate Revenue Growth Rate The annual revenue growth rate is applied to projected revenue starting from the second projection year onward.	%
Net Income Margin Net Income Margin Net Income expressed as a percentage of Revenue.	%
Historical Years Historical Years The number of historical years used to calculate averages for historical data.	#
Projection Years Projection Years The number of years for projecting the analysis into the future.	#

Results
Present Value	-3.43 USD
Estimated net income	3.47 Bil. USD
Estimated market capitalization	-23.61 Bil. USD
Market capitalization discounted to present	-13.63 Bil. USD
Shares Outstanding	3.98 Bil.
Earnings Per Share (EPS)	-2.06 USD
Market Price	13.98 USD
Price to Earnings (PE) Ratio	-6.8

Historical and forecasted data

Monetary values in USD

{"sectionId": "section-chart-1", "sectionType": "chart", "title": "Historical and forecasted data", "timeseries": "annual", "series": [{"label": "Revenue", "mappingKey": "income:revenue", "data": [{"l": "2016", "x": "2016-12-31", "y": 151800000000}, {"l": "2017", "x": "2017-12-31", "y": 156776000000}, {"l": "2018", "x": "2018-12-31", "y": 160338000000}, {"l": "2019", "x": "2019-12-31", "y": 155900000000}, {"l": "2020", "x": "2020-12-31", "y": 127144000000}, {"l": "2021", "x": "2021-12-31", "y": 136341000000}, {"l": "2022", "x": "2022-12-31", "y": 158057000000}, {"l": "2023", "x": "2023-12-31", "y": 176191000000}, {"l": "2024", "x": "2024-12-31", "y": 184992000000}, {"l": "2025", "x": "2025-12-31", "y": 187267000000}, {"l": "2026", "x": "2026-12-31", "y": 191811970090, "oy": 191811970090, "e": true, "d": 2026, "g": 2.43, "og": 2.43}, {"l": "2027", "x": "2027-12-31", "y": 196467246604, "oy": 196467246604, "e": true, "d": 2027, "g": 2.43, "og": 2.43}, {"l": "2028", "x": "2028-12-31", "y": 201235506679, "oy": 201235506679, "e": true, "d": 2028, "g": 2.43, "og": 2.43}, {"l": "2029", "x": "2029-12-31", "y": 206119492426, "oy": 206119492426, "e": true, "d": 2029, "g": 2.43, "og": 2.43}, {"l": "2030", "x": "2030-12-31", "y": 211122012507, "oy": 211122012507, "e": true, "d": 2030, "g": 2.43, "og": 2.43}], "dataType": ".", "displayAs": "line", "dataTimeseries": "annual", "hidden": false}, {"label": "Net Income", "mappingKey": "income:netIncome", "data": [{"l": "2016", "x": "2016-12-31", "y": 4589000000}, {"l": "2017", "x": "2017-12-31", "y": 7731000000}, {"l": "2018", "x": "2018-12-31", "y": 3677000000}, {"l": "2019", "x": "2019-12-31", "y": 47000000}, {"l": "2020", "x": "2020-12-31", "y": -1279000000}, {"l": "2021", "x": "2021-12-31", "y": 17937000000}, {"l": "2022", "x": "2022-12-31", "y": -1981000000}, {"l": "2023", "x": "2023-12-31", "y": 4347000000}, {"l": "2024", "x": "2024-12-31", "y": 5879000000}, {"l": "2025", "x": "2025-12-31", "y": -8182000000}, {"l": "2026", "x": "2026-12-31", "y": 3153388788, "oy": 3153388788, "e": true, "d": 2026, "g": -138.5, "og": -138.5}, {"l": "2027", "x": "2027-12-31", "y": 3229921534, "oy": 3229921534, "e": true, "d": 2027, "g": 2.43, "og": 2.43}, {"l": "2028", "x": "2028-12-31", "y": 3308311729, "oy": 3308311729, "e": true, "d": 2028, "g": 2.43, "og": 2.43}, {"l": "2029", "x": "2029-12-31", "y": 3388604455, "oy": 3388604455, "e": true, "d": 2029, "g": 2.43, "og": 2.43}, {"l": "2030", "x": "2030-12-31", "y": 3470845885, "oy": 3470845885, "e": true, "d": 2030, "g": 2.43, "og": 2.43}], "dataType": ".", "displayAs": "line", "dataTimeseries": "annual", "hidden": false}], "editableDates": {"2026-12-31": 42, "2027-12-31": 43, "2028-12-31": 44, "2029-12-31": 45, "2030-12-31": 46}, "properties": {"display_table": true}, "width": "full"}

Edit Chart Values	2026-12-31	2027-12-31	2028-12-31	2029-12-31	2030-12-31

↳ Growth Rate

Estimated Future Values

Monetary values in USD amounts except #	2025 Dec 31	LTM Feb 12	2026 Dec 31	2027 Dec 31	2028 Dec 31	2029 Dec 31	2030 Dec 31
Revenue	187,267	187,267	191,812	196,467	201,236	206,119	211,122
Revenue Growth Rate	1.23%	0%	2.43%	2.43%	2.43%	2.43%	2.43%
Net Income	-8,182	-8,182	3,153	3,230	3,308	3,389	3,471

Monetary values in USD

amounts except #

2025
Dec 31

LTM
Feb 12

2026
Dec 31

2027
Dec 31

2028
Dec 31

2029
Dec 31

2030
Dec 31

Revenue

187,267

191,812

196,467

201,236

206,119

211,122

Revenue Growth Rate

1.23%

2.43%

Net Income

-8,182

3,153

3,230

3,308

3,389

3,471

Historical Values

Monetary values in USD amounts except #	Average	LTM Feb 12	2025 Dec 31	2024 Dec 31	2023 Dec 31	2022 Dec 31	2021 Dec 31	2020 Dec 31	2019 Dec 31	2018 Dec 31	2017 Dec 31	2016 Dec 31
Revenue	162,007	187,267	187,267	184,992	176,191	158,057	136,341	127,144	155,900	160,338	156,776	151,800
Cost of Revenue	116,089	0	0	169,486	160,031	140,893	119,903	121,359	144,165	145,732	140,368	135,042
Gross Profit	11,869	0	0	15,506	16,160	17,164	16,438	5,785	11,735	14,606	16,408	16,758
Gross Margin	7.56%	0%	0%	8.38%	9.17%	10.86%	12.06%	4.55%	7.53%	9.11%	10.47%	11.04%
Operating Income	1,198	-9,169	-9,169	5,219	5,458	6,276	4,523	-4,408	574	3,203	4,881	5,786
Operating Margin	0.84%	-4.9%	-4.9%	2.82%	3.1%	3.97%	3.32%	-3.47%	0.368%	2%	3.11%	3.81%
Net Income	2,235	-8,182	-8,182	5,879	4,347	-1,981	17,937	-1,279	47	3,677	7,731	4,589
Net Margin	1.64%	-4.37%	-4.37%	3.18%	2.47%	-1.25%	13.16%	-1.01%	0.03%	2.29%	4.93%	3.02%

Historical Growth Rates

Monetary values in USD amounts except #	Average	LTM Feb 12	2025 Dec 31	2024 Dec 31	2023 Dec 31	2022 Dec 31	2021 Dec 31	2020 Dec 31	2019 Dec 31	2018 Dec 31	2017 Dec 31	2016 Dec 31
Revenue	162,007	187,267	187,267	184,992	176,191	158,057	136,341	127,144	155,900	160,338	156,776	151,800
Revenue Growth Rate	2.43%	0%	1.23%	5%	11.47%	15.93%	7.23%	-18.45%	-2.77%	2.27%	3.28%	1.5%
Net Income	2,235	-8,182	-8,182	5,879	4,347	-1,981	17,937	-1,279	47	3,677	7,731	4,589
Net Margin	1.64%	-4.37%	-4.37%	3.18%	2.47%	-1.25%	13.16%	-1.01%	0.03%	2.29%	4.93%	3.02%
Net Income Growth Rate	-461.6%	0%	-239.2%	35.24%	-319.4%	-111%	-1,502%	-2,821%	-98.72%	-52.44%	68.47%	-37.76%
Stockholders Equity	38,780	47,392	35,952	44,835	42,773	43,242	48,519	30,690	33,185	35,932	34,890	29,170
Equity Growth Rate	6.57%	31.82%	-19.81%	4.82%	-1.08%	-10.88%	58.09%	-7.52%	-7.65%	2.99%	19.61%	1.84%
Return on Invested Capital (ROIC)	0.872%	-4.01%	-4.19%	2.74%	4.05%	3.35%	3.13%	-3.48%	-0.053%	1.89%	3.21%	2.98%
After-tax Operating Income	1,160	-6,326	-6,326	4,253	5,956	4,478	4,556	-5,040	-75.34	2,724	4,641	3,923
Income Tax Rate	22.74%	31.01%	31.01%	18.51%	-9.12%	28.65%	-0.731%	-14.34%	113.1%	14.96%	4.93%	32.19%
Invested Capital	145,355	157,554	150,914	155,402	146,917	133,884	145,768	144,826	142,901	144,253	144,716	131,765