Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited (TSM) Discounted Free Cash Flow - Perpetuity

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited

TSM (NYSE)

(%)

Valuation
Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited Discounted Free Cash Flow - Perpetuity

"""
    Model: Discounted Free Cash Flow - Perpetuity

# Render model description
model.render_description(r"""
## Discounted Free Cash Flow Model

Discounted Free Cash Flow calculates the value of a share based on the company's estimated future Free Cash Flow figures.

See our [GitHub Model Documentation](https://github.com/DiscountingCashFlows/Documentation/blob/main/models-documentation/discounted-free-cash-flow.md#discounted-free-cash-flow-model-source-code)
""")

# Initialize assumptions
assumptions.init({
    "data": {
        "%discount_rate": None,
        "beta": data.get("profile:beta", default=1),
        "%risk_free_rate": data.get("treasury:year10"),
        "%market_premium": data.get("risk:totalEquityRiskPremium"),
        "%tax_rate": None,
        "%growth_in_perpetuity": "2.5%",
        "historical_years": 10,
        "projection_years": 5,
        "%revenue_growth_rate": None,
        "%operating_cash_flow_margin": None,
        "%capital_expenditure_margin": None,
    },
    "hierarchies": [{
        "parent": "%discount_rate",
        "children": [
            "beta",
            "%risk_free_rate",
            "%market_premium",
            "%tax_rate"
        ]
    }]
})

# WACC Calculation
risk_free_rate = assumptions.get("%risk_free_rate")
beta = assumptions.get("beta")
market_premium = assumptions.get("%market_premium")
cost_of_equity = risk_free_rate + beta * market_premium
cost_of_debt = data.get("income:interestExpense / balance:totalDebt")
if cost_of_debt is None:
    # Use the 10-year Treasury yield instead
    cost_of_debt = data.get("treasury:year10")

tax_rate = data.get("income:incomeTaxExpense / income:incomeBeforeTax")
if tax_rate is None or tax_rate < 0:
    # Fall back to the statutory corporate rate
    tax_rate = data.get("risk:corporateTaxRate")
assumptions.set("%tax_rate", tax_rate)

market_cap = data.get("profile:price * income:weightedAverageShsOut")
debt_weight = data.get(f"balance:totalDebt / ({market_cap} + balance:totalDebt)")
if debt_weight is None:
    # Assume zero leverage if missing
    debt_weight = 0

equity_weight = 1 - debt_weight
wacc = debt_weight * cost_of_debt * (1 - assumptions.get("%tax_rate")) + equity_weight * cost_of_equity

# Set the discount rate to the WACC
assumptions.set("%discount_rate", wacc)

data.compute({
    "%operatingCashFlowMargin": "flow:operatingCashFlow / income:revenue",
    "positiveCapitalExpenditure": "-1 * flow:capitalExpenditure",
    "%capitalExpenditureMargin": "positiveCapitalExpenditure / income:revenue",
    "%grossMargin": "income:grossProfit / income:revenue",
    "%operatingMargin": "income:operatingIncome / income:revenue",
    "%netMargin": "income:netIncome / income:revenue",
    "discountedFreeCashFlow": "flow:freeCashFlow",
    "%revenueGrowthRate": "function:growth:income:revenue",
})

data.set_default_range(f"{-assumptions.get('historical_years')}->0")

assumptions.set("%revenue_growth_rate", data.average("%revenueGrowthRate"))
# Limit revenue growth rate between 0% and 25%
assumptions.set_bounds(
    "%revenue_growth_rate", low=0, high="25%"
)

average_operating_cash_flow_margin = data.average("%operatingCashFlowMargin")
assumptions.set("%operating_cash_flow_margin", average_operating_cash_flow_margin)
# Limit OCF range from 0 to 100% (all revenue converted to OCF)
assumptions.set_bounds(
    "%operating_cash_flow_margin", low=0, high="100%"
)

average_capital_expenditure_margin = data.average("%capitalExpenditureMargin")
assumptions.set("%capital_expenditure_margin", average_capital_expenditure_margin)

# Limit CapEx range from 0 to 90% of OCF Margin
assumptions.set_bounds(
    "%capital_expenditure_margin",
    low=0,
    high=assumptions.get("%operating_cash_flow_margin")*.9
)

data.compute({
    "income:revenue": f"""
        income:revenue:-1 * 
        (1 + {assumptions.get('%revenue_growth_rate')})
    """,
    "%revenueGrowthRate": "function:growth:income:revenue",
    "flow:operatingCashFlow": f"""
        income:revenue * 
        {assumptions.get('%operating_cash_flow_margin')}
    """,
    "computedCapitalExpenditure": f"""
        income:revenue * 
        {assumptions.get('%capital_expenditure_margin')}
    """,
    "flow:freeCashFlow": "flow:operatingCashFlow - computedCapitalExpenditure",
    "positiveCapitalExpenditure": "flow:operatingCashFlow - flow:freeCashFlow",
    "discountedFreeCashFlow": f"""
        function:discount:flow:freeCashFlow 
        rate:{assumptions.get('%discount_rate')}
        continuous:true
    """,
    # Informational computations
    "%operatingCashFlowMargin": "flow:operatingCashFlow / income:revenue",
    "%capitalExpenditureMargin": "positiveCapitalExpenditure / income:revenue",
    "%freeCashFlowMargin": "flow:freeCashFlow / income:revenue",
    "#compoundedDiscountRate": f"""
        function:compound:1
        rate:{assumptions.get('%discount_rate')} 
        continuous:true
    """,
    "%compoundedDiscountRate": "#compoundedDiscountRate - 1",
}, forecast=assumptions.get("projection_years"))

# Calculating the Terminal Value
# TV = FCF * (1 + Growth in Perpetuity) / (Discount Rate - Growth in Perpetuity)
discount_rate = assumptions.get("%discount_rate")
growth_in_perpetuity = assumptions.get("%growth_in_perpetuity")
end_year = assumptions.get("projection_years")
terminal_value = data.get(f"""
    flow:freeCashFlow:{end_year} *
    (1 + {growth_in_perpetuity}) / ({discount_rate} - {growth_in_perpetuity})
""")

# Discount the terminal value into the present
tv_discount_rate = (1 + assumptions.get("%discount_rate")) ** assumptions.get('projection_years')
discounted_terminal_value = terminal_value / tv_discount_rate

# Get the sum between current date and projection years
discounted_free_cash_flow_sum = data.sum("discountedFreeCashFlow:1->*")

# Add all Discounted FCFs and the Discounted Terminal Value to calculate the enterprise value
enterprise_value = discounted_terminal_value + discounted_free_cash_flow_sum

# Equity value is calculated by adding cash and subtracting total debt from the enterprise value
equity_value = data.get(f"{enterprise_value} + balance:cashAndShortTermInvestments -  balance:totalDebt")

stock_value = equity_value / data.get("income:weightedAverageShsOut")

model.set_final_value({
    "value": stock_value,
    "units": '$'
})

fcf_5y_cagr = data.cagr(f"flow:freeCashFlow:-1->{assumptions.get('projection_years')}")
revenue_5y_cagr = data.cagr(f"income:revenue:-1->{assumptions.get('projection_years')}")

model.render_results([
    [terminal_value, "Terminal Value", "$"],
    [discounted_terminal_value, "Discounted Terminal Value", "$"],
    [discounted_free_cash_flow_sum, "Sum of Discounted Free Cash Flow", "$"],
    [enterprise_value, "Enterprise Value", "$"],
    [data.get("balance:cashAndCashEquivalents"), "Cash and Equivalents", "$"],
    [data.get("balance:totalDebt"), "Total Debt", "$"],
    [equity_value, "Equity Value", "$"],
    [data.get("income:weightedAverageShsOut"), "Shares Outstanding", "$"],
    [stock_value, "Estimated Value per Share", "$"],
    [data.get("treasury:year10"), "Yield of the U.S. 10 Year Treasury Note", "%"],
    [average_operating_cash_flow_margin, "Average Cash from Operating Activities Margin", "%"],
    [average_capital_expenditure_margin, "Average Capital Expenditure Margin", "%"],
    [cost_of_equity, "Cost of Equity", "%"],
    [equity_weight, "Equity Weight", "%"],
    [cost_of_debt, "Cost of Debt", "%"],
    [debt_weight, "Debt Weight", "%"],
    [revenue_5y_cagr, "Forecasted Revenue - 5 Year CAGR", "%"],
    [fcf_5y_cagr, "Forecasted Free Cash Flow - 5 Year CAGR", "%"],
])

model.render_chart({
    "data": {
        "income:revenue": "Revenue",
        "flow:operatingCashFlow": "Operating Cash Flow",
        "flow:freeCashFlow": "Free Cash Flow",
        "positiveCapitalExpenditure": "Capital Expenditure",
        "discountedFreeCashFlow": "Discounted Free Cash Flow"
    },
    "start": -assumptions.get("historical_years"),
    "end": "*",
    "properties": {
        "title": "Historical Values",
        "set_editable": [
            "income:revenue",
            "flow:operatingCashFlow",
            "flow:freeCashFlow"
        ],
        "hidden_keys": [
            "positiveCapitalExpenditure",
            "discountedFreeCashFlow"
        ],
        "width": "full"
    },
})

# Forecast table
model.render_table({
    "data": {
        "income:revenue": "Revenue",
        "%revenueGrowthRate": "Revenue Growth Rate",
        "flow:operatingCashFlow": "Operating Cash Flow",
        "%operatingCashFlowMargin": "Operating Cash Flow Margin",
        "positiveCapitalExpenditure": "Capital Expenditure",
        "%capitalExpenditureMargin": "Capital Expenditure Margin",
        "flow:freeCashFlow": "Free Cash Flow",
        "%freeCashFlowMargin": "Free Cash Flow Margin",
        "%compoundedDiscountRate": "Compounded Discount Rate",
        "discountedFreeCashFlow": "Discounted Free Cash Flow",
    },
    "start": -1,
    "end": "*",
    "properties": {
        "title": "Forecast Data",
        "order": "ascending",
        "include_ltm": False,
        "number_format": "M",
        "width": "full"
    },
})

# Historical table
model.render_table({
    "data": {
        "income:revenue": "Revenue",
        "%revenueGrowthRate": "Revenue Growth Rate",
        "income:costOfRevenue": "Cost of Revenue",
        "income:grossProfit": "Gross Profit",
        "%grossMargin": "Gross Margin",
        "income:operatingIncome": "Operating Income",
        "%operatingMargin": "Operating Margin",
        "income:netIncome": "Net Income",
        "%netMargin": "Net Margin",
        "flow:operatingCashFlow": "Cash from Operating Activities",
        "%operatingCashFlowMargin": "Cash from Operating Activities Margin",
        "positiveCapitalExpenditure": "Capital Expenditure",
        "%capitalExpenditureMargin": "Capital Expenditure Margin",
        "flow:freeCashFlow": "Free Cash Flow",
    },
    "start": -assumptions.get("historical_years"),
    "end": 0,
    "properties": {
        "title": "Historical Data",
        "display_averages": True,
        "order": "descending",
        "number_format": "M"
    },
})

assumptions.set_description({
    "%discount_rate": r"""
        ## Discount Rate
        
        `Discount Rate` = `Equity Weight` * `Cost of Equity` + `Debt Weight` * `Cost of Debt` * (1 - `Tax Rate`)
        
        Calculated using Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) formula. It represents a firm’s average after-tax cost of capital from all sources, including common stock, preferred stock, bonds, and other forms of debt.
        
        [Read More](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/w/wacc.asp)
        
        ---
        
        ### Cost of Equity
        
        `Cost of Equity` = `Risk Free Rate` + `Beta` * `Market Premium`
        
        The cost of equity is the theoretical rate of return that an equity investment should generate. It is calculated using the CAPM formula.
        
        [Read More](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/costofequity.asp#mntl-sc-block_1-0-20)
        
        ---
        
        ### Cost of Debt
        
        `Cost of Debt` = `Interest Expense` / `Total Debt`
        
        The cost of debt is the effective rate that a company pays on its debt, such as bonds and loans.
        
        [Read More](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/costofdebt.asp)
        
        ---
        
        ### Equity & Debt Weights
        
        `Debt Weight` = `Total Debt` / (`Market Capitalization` + `Total Debt`) = 1 - `Equity Weight`
        
        The Equity Weight represents the proportion of equity-based financing (Market Capitalization), while the Debt Weight represents the proportion of debt-based financing (Total Debt).
        
        ---
        
        ### Tax Rate
        
        `Tax Rate` = `Income Tax Expense` / `Income Before Tax`
        
        The overall tax rate paid by the company on its earned income.
    """,

"beta": r"""
        ## Beta
        
        Beta measures the volatility of a stock's price in relation to the overall stock market. A higher beta indicates greater price fluctuations relative to the market.
    """,

"%risk_free_rate": r"""
        ## Risk-Free Rate
        
        The risk-free rate represents the return an investor expects from an absolutely risk-free investment over a specified time period. By default, it is set to the current yield of the U.S. 10-Year Treasury Bond.
    """,

"%tax_rate": r"""
        ## Tax Rate
        
        `Tax Rate` = `Income Tax Expense` / `Income Before Tax`
        
        This is the company’s **effective tax rate**, reflecting the average rate of tax actually paid on its pre-tax earnings (including all statutory, deferred, and non-recurring items).
        
        This rate is used to adjust the after-tax cost of debt, since interest expense is tax-deductible.
        
        ## Discount Rate
        
        `Discount Rate` =  
        `Debt Weight` × `Cost of Debt` × (1 − `Tax Rate`)  
        + `Equity Weight` × `Cost of Equity`
    """,

"%market_premium": r"""
        ## Market Premium
        
        The market risk premium represents the additional return over the risk-free rate that investors expect for taking on the risks associated with equities.
    """,

"%growth_in_perpetuity": r"""
        ## Growth in Perpetuity
        
        The rate at which the company's free cash flow is assumed to grow indefinitely. By default, this rate equals the yield of the U.S. 10-Year Treasury Bond.
    """,

"historical_years": r"""
        ## Historical Years
        
        The number of years of historical data used to calculate averages and trends for analysis.
    """,

"projection_years": r"""
        ## Projection Years
        
        The number of years into the future for which the analysis projects financial performance and metrics.
    """,

"%revenue_growth_rate": r"""
        ## Revenue Growth Rate
        
        The annual growth rate applied to projected revenue, starting from the second projection year onward.
    """,

"%operating_cash_flow_margin": r"""
        ## Operating Cash Flow Margin
        
        `Projected Operating Cash Flow` = `Projected Revenue` * `Operating Cash Flow Margin`
        
        This margin represents the percentage of revenue used to estimate future Operating Cash Flow.
    """,

"%capital_expenditure_margin": r"""
        ## Capital Expenditure Margin
        
        `Projected Free Cash Flow` = `Projected Operating Cash Flow` - `Projected Revenue` * `Capital Expenditure Margin`
        
        This margin is used to estimate future capital expenditures as a percentage of revenue, which in turn is subtracted from Operating Cash Flow to calculate Free Cash Flow.
    """,
})

print(f"End of model.")

Estimated Value

USD

Market Price USD

* Values are not guaranteed, please do your own
research before making investment decisions.

Discounted Free Cash Flow Model

Discounted Free Cash Flow calculates the value of a share based on the company's estimated future Free Cash Flow figures.

See our GitHub Model Documentation

Interactive Assumptions

Discount Rate Discount Rate `Discount Rate` = `Equity Weight` * `Cost of Equity` + `Debt Weight` * `Cost of Debt` * (1 - `Tax Rate`) Calculated using Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) formula. It represents a firm’s average after-tax cost of capital from all sources, including common stock, preferred stock, bonds, and other forms of debt. Read More Cost of Equity `Cost of Equity` = `Risk Free Rate` + `Beta` * `Market Premium` The cost of equity is the theoretical rate of return that an equity investment should generate. It is calculated using the CAPM formula. Read More Cost of Debt `Cost of Debt` = `Interest Expense` / `Total Debt` The cost of debt is the effective rate that a company pays on its debt, such as bonds and loans. Read More Equity & Debt Weights `Debt Weight` = `Total Debt` / (`Market Capitalization` + `Total Debt`) = 1 - `Equity Weight` The Equity Weight represents the proportion of equity-based financing (Market Capitalization), while the Debt Weight represents the proportion of debt-based financing (Total Debt). Tax Rate `Tax Rate` = `Income Tax Expense` / `Income Before Tax` The overall tax rate paid by the company on its earned income.	%
↳ Beta Beta Beta measures the volatility of a stock's price in relation to the overall stock market. A higher beta indicates greater price fluctuations relative to the market.	#
↳ Risk Free Rate Risk-Free Rate The risk-free rate represents the return an investor expects from an absolutely risk-free investment over a specified time period. By default, it is set to the current yield of the U.S. 10-Year Treasury Bond.	%
↳ Market Premium Market Premium The market risk premium represents the additional return over the risk-free rate that investors expect for taking on the risks associated with equities.	%
↳ Tax Rate Tax Rate `Tax Rate` = `Income Tax Expense` / `Income Before Tax` This is the company’s effective tax rate, reflecting the average rate of tax actually paid on its pre-tax earnings (including all statutory, deferred, and non-recurring items). This rate is used to adjust the after-tax cost of debt, since interest expense is tax-deductible. Discount Rate `Discount Rate` = `Debt Weight` × `Cost of Debt` × (1 − `Tax Rate`) + `Equity Weight` × `Cost of Equity`	%
Growth In Perpetuity Growth in Perpetuity The rate at which the company's free cash flow is assumed to grow indefinitely. By default, this rate equals the yield of the U.S. 10-Year Treasury Bond.	%
Historical Years Historical Years The number of years of historical data used to calculate averages and trends for analysis.	#
Projection Years Projection Years The number of years into the future for which the analysis projects financial performance and metrics.	#
Revenue Growth Rate Revenue Growth Rate The annual growth rate applied to projected revenue, starting from the second projection year onward.	%
Operating Cash Flow Margin Operating Cash Flow Margin `Projected Operating Cash Flow` = `Projected Revenue` * `Operating Cash Flow Margin` This margin represents the percentage of revenue used to estimate future Operating Cash Flow.	%
Capital Expenditure Margin Capital Expenditure Margin `Projected Free Cash Flow` = `Projected Operating Cash Flow` - `Projected Revenue` * `Capital Expenditure Margin` This margin is used to estimate future capital expenditures as a percentage of revenue, which in turn is subtracted from Operating Cash Flow to calculate Free Cash Flow.	%

Results
Terminal Value	588.7 Bil. USD
Discounted Terminal Value	370.4 Bil. USD
Sum of Discounted Free Cash Flow	128.7 Bil. USD
Enterprise Value	499.1 Bil. USD
Cash and Equivalents	81.02 Bil. USD
Total Debt	31.13 Bil. USD
Equity Value	559.9 Bil. USD
Shares Outstanding	5.19 Bil. USD
Estimated Value per Share	107.9 USD
Yield of the U.S. 10 Year Treasury Note	4.18%
Average Cash from Operating Activities Margin	61.43%
Average Capital Expenditure Margin	38.98%
Cost of Equity	9.88%
Equity Weight	98.18%
Cost of Debt	0.903%
Debt Weight	1.82%
Forecasted Revenue - 5 Year CAGR	15.91%
Forecasted Free Cash Flow - 5 Year CAGR	9.33%

Historical Values

Monetary values in USD

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"2025", "x": "2025-12-31", "y": 62761094624, "oy": 62761094624, "e": true, "d": 2025, "g": 12.85, "og": 12.85}, {"l": "2026", "x": "2026-12-31", "y": 72746384779, "oy": 72746384779, "e": true, "d": 2026, "g": 15.91, "og": 15.91}, {"l": "2027", "x": "2027-12-31", "y": 84320334598, "oy": 84320334598, "e": true, "d": 2027, "g": 15.91, "og": 15.91}, {"l": "2028", "x": "2028-12-31", "y": 97735699832, "oy": 97735699832, "e": true, "d": 2028, "g": 15.91, "og": 15.91}, {"l": "2029", "x": "2029-12-31", "y": 113285449676, "oy": 113285449676, "e": true, "d": 2029, "g": 15.91, "og": 15.91}], "dataType": ".", "displayAs": "line", "dataTimeseries": "annual", "hidden": false}, {"label": "Free Cash Flow", "mappingKey": "flow:freeCashFlow", "data": [{"l": "2015", "x": "2015-12-31", "y": 8128147184}, {"l": "2016", "x": "2016-12-31", "y": 6363485425}, {"l": "2017", "x": "2017-12-31", "y": 8393309304}, {"l": "2018", "x": "2018-12-31", "y": 8216598356}, {"l": "2019", "x": "2019-12-31", "y": 4860278216}, {"l": "2020", "x": "2020-12-31", "y": 10707966856}, {"l": "2021", "x": "2021-12-31", "y": 9477515063}, {"l": "2022", "x": "2022-12-31", "y": 16994651490}, {"l": "2023", "x": "2023-12-31", "y": 9334695348}, {"l": "2024", "x": "2024-12-31", "y": 26500157180}, {"l": "2025", "x": "2025-12-31", "y": 22936457338, "oy": 22936457338, "e": true, "d": 2025, "g": -13.45, "og": -13.45}, {"l": "2026", "x": "2026-12-31", "y": 26585647701, "oy": 26585647701, "e": true, "d": 2026, "g": 15.91, "og": 15.91}, {"l": "2027", "x": "2027-12-31", "y": 30815424250, "oy": 30815424250, "e": true, "d": 2027, "g": 15.91, "og": 15.91}, {"l": "2028", "x": "2028-12-31", "y": 35718158249, "oy": 35718158249, "e": true, "d": 2028, "g": 15.91, "og": 15.91}, {"l": "2029", "x": "2029-12-31", "y": 41400917226, "oy": 41400917226, "e": true, "d": 2029, "g": 15.91, "og": 15.91}], "dataType": ".", "displayAs": "line", "dataTimeseries": "annual", "hidden": false}, {"label": "Capital Expenditure", "mappingKey": "positiveCapitalExpenditure", "data": [{"l": "2015", "x": "2015-12-31", "y": 7937797375}, {"l": "2016", "x": "2016-12-31", "y": 10252623316}, {"l": "2017", "x": "2017-12-31", "y": 11302647015}, {"l": "2018", "x": "2018-12-31", "y": 10551707514}, {"l": "2019", "x": "2019-12-31", "y": 15703809995}, {"l": "2020", "x": "2020-12-31", "y": 18539462312}, {"l": "2021", "x": "2021-12-31", "y": 30642570821}, {"l": "2022", "x": "2022-12-31", "y": 35544704621}, {"l": "2023", "x": "2023-12-31", "y": 31121147481}, {"l": "2024", "x": "2024-12-31", "y": 29114237178}, {"l": "2025", "x": "2025-12-31", "y": 39824637286}, {"l": "2026", "x": "2026-12-31", "y": 46160737078}, {"l": "2027", "x": "2027-12-31", "y": 53504910347}, {"l": "2028", "x": "2028-12-31", "y": 62017541583}, {"l": "2029", "x": "2029-12-31", "y": 71884532449}], "dataType": ".", "displayAs": "line", "dataTimeseries": "annual", "hidden": true}, {"label": "Discounted Free Cash Flow", "mappingKey": "discountedFreeCashFlow", "data": [{"l": "2015", "x": "2015-12-31", "y": 8128147184}, {"l": "2016", "x": "2016-12-31", "y": 6363485425}, {"l": "2017", "x": "2017-12-31", "y": 8393309304}, {"l": "2018", "x": "2018-12-31", "y": 8216598356}, {"l": "2019", "x": "2019-12-31", "y": 4860278216}, {"l": "2020", "x": "2020-12-31", "y": 10707966856}, {"l": "2021", "x": "2021-12-31", "y": 9477515063}, {"l": "2022", "x": "2022-12-31", "y": 16994651490}, {"l": "2023", "x": "2023-12-31", "y": 9334695348}, {"l": "2024", "x": "2024-12-31", "y": 26500157180}, {"l": "2025", "x": "2025-12-31", "y": 22936457338}, {"l": "2026", "x": "2026-12-31", "y": 24300643224}, {"l": "2027", "x": "2027-12-31", "y": 25674170360}, {"l": "2028", "x": "2028-12-31", "y": 27118447012}, {"l": "2029", "x": "2029-12-31", "y": 28651242771}], "dataType": ".", "displayAs": "line", "dataTimeseries": "annual", "hidden": true}], "editableDates": {"2025-12-31": 29, "2026-12-31": 30, "2027-12-31": 31, "2028-12-31": 32, "2029-12-31": 33}, "properties": {"display_table": true}, "width": "full"}

Edit Chart Values	2025-12-31	2026-12-31	2027-12-31	2028-12-31	2029-12-31

↳ Growth Rate

Forecast Data

Monetary values in USD amounts except #	2024 Dec 31	2025 Dec 31	2026 Dec 31	2027 Dec 31	2028 Dec 31	2029 Dec 31
Revenue	88,143	102,167	118,422	137,262	159,101	184,414
Revenue Growth Rate	25.17%	15.91%	15.91%	15.91%	15.91%	15.91%
Operating Cash Flow	55,614	62,761	72,746	84,320	97,736	113,285
Operating Cash Flow Margin	63.1%	61.43%	61.43%	61.43%	61.43%	61.43%
Capital Expenditure	29,114	39,825	46,161	53,505	62,018	71,885
Capital Expenditure Margin	33.03%	38.98%	38.98%	38.98%	38.98%	38.98%
Free Cash Flow	26,500	22,936	26,586	30,815	35,718	41,401
Free Cash Flow Margin	30.06%	22.45%	22.45%	22.45%	22.45%	22.45%
Compounded Discount Rate		0%	9.4%	20.03%	31.71%	44.5%
Discounted Free Cash Flow	26,500	22,936	24,301	25,674	27,118	28,651

Historical Data

Monetary values in USD amounts except #	Average	LTM Jan 11	2024 Dec 31	2023 Dec 31	2022 Dec 31	2021 Dec 31	2020 Dec 31	2019 Dec 31	2018 Dec 31	2017 Dec 31	2016 Dec 31	2015 Dec 31
Revenue	55,387	114,831	88,143	70,416	73,850	57,264	47,613	35,770	33,726	32,891	29,177	25,575
Revenue Growth Rate	15.91%	30.28%	25.17%	-4.65%	28.96%	20.27%	33.11%	6.06%	2.54%	12.73%	14.08%	6.43%
Cost of Revenue	25,318	47,108	38,675	32,138	29,866	27,700	22,331	19,299	17,445	16,240	14,561	13,132
Gross Profit	30,069	67,723	49,468	38,278	43,985	29,564	25,282	16,471	16,280	16,651	14,615	12,443
Gross Margin	52.49%	58.98%	56.12%	54.36%	59.56%	51.63%	53.1%	46.05%	48.27%	50.62%	50.09%	48.65%
Operating Income	24,235	56,821	40,262	30,016	36,577	23,447	20,150	12,459	12,544	12,974	11,634	9,704
Operating Margin	41.81%	49.48%	45.68%	42.63%	49.53%	40.95%	42.32%	34.83%	37.2%	39.45%	39.87%	37.94%
Net Income	21,759	49,707	35,277	27,745	32,390	21,369	18,158	11,832	11,872	11,609	10,210	9,182
Net Margin	37.86%	43.29%	40.02%	39.4%	43.86%	37.32%	38.14%	33.08%	35.2%	35.3%	34.99%	35.9%
Cash from Operating Activities	34,391	68,608	55,614	40,456	52,539	40,120	29,247	20,564	18,768	19,696	16,616	16,066
Cash from Operating Activities Margin	61.43%	59.75%	63.1%	57.45%	71.14%	70.06%	61.43%	57.49%	55.65%	59.88%	56.95%	62.82%
Capital Expenditure	21,925	40,469	29,114	31,121	35,545	30,643	18,539	15,704	10,552	11,303	10,253	7,938
Capital Expenditure Margin	38.98%	35.24%	33.03%	44.2%	48.13%	53.51%	38.94%	43.9%	31.29%	34.36%	35.14%	31.04%
Free Cash Flow	12,465	28,139	26,500	9,335	16,995	9,478	10,708	4,860	8,217	8,393	6,363	8,128