The Coca-Cola Company (KO) Discounted Future Market Cap

The Coca-Cola Company

KO (NYSE)

(%)

Valuation
The Coca-Cola Company Discounted Future Market Cap

"""
    Model: Discounted Future Market Cap

# Render model description
model.render_description(r"""
## Discounted Future Market Cap

This model estimates the intrinsic value of a common share by projecting the Future Market Capitalization using the estimated PE Ratio and then discounting it to the Present using an Annual Required Rate of Return.
""")

# Initialize assumptions
assumptions.init({
    "data": {
        "%discount_rate": None,
        "beta": data.get("profile:beta", default=1),
        "%risk_free_rate": data.get("treasury:year10"),
        "%market_premium": data.get("risk:totalEquityRiskPremium"),
        "pe_ratio": data.get("ratio:priceEarningsRatio"),
        "%revenue_growth_rate": None,
        "%net_income_margin": None,
        "historical_years": 10,
        "projection_years": 5,
    },
    "hierarchies": [{
        "parent": "%discount_rate",
        "children": ["beta", "%risk_free_rate", "%market_premium"]
    }]
})

# Calculate cost of equity
cost_of_equity = assumptions.get("%risk_free_rate") + assumptions.get("beta") * assumptions.get("%market_premium")
assumptions.set("%discount_rate", cost_of_equity)

# Compute metrics
data.compute({
    "%grossMargin": "income:grossProfit / income:revenue",
    "%operating_margin": "income:operatingIncome / income:revenue",
    "%netMargin": "income:netIncome / income:revenue",
    "%revenueGrowthRate": "function:growth:income:revenue",
    "%netIncomeGrowthRate": "function:growth:income:netIncome",
    "%totalStockholdersEquityGrowthRate": "function:growth:balance:totalStockholdersEquity",

# Calculating NOPAT (Net Operating Profit After Taxes)
    "%taxRate": "income:incomeTaxExpense / income:incomeBeforeTax",
    "incomeTax": "income:operatingIncome * %taxRate",
    "nopat": "income:operatingIncome - incomeTax",

# Calculating Invested Capital
    "investedCapital": [
        "balance:totalNonCurrentAssets", "-", "balance:cashAndCashEquivalents", "+",
        "balance:totalCurrentAssets", "-", "balance:totalCurrentLiabilities"
    ],
    "%roic": "nopat / investedCapital",
})

data.set_default_range(f"{-assumptions.get('historical_years')}->0")

assumptions.set("%net_income_margin", data.average(f"%netMargin"))
assumptions.set_bounds(
    "%net_income_margin", low=0, high="100%"
)

assumptions.set("%revenue_growth_rate", data.average(f"%revenueGrowthRate"))
assumptions.set_bounds(
    "%revenue_growth_rate", low=0, high="25%"
)

# Compute forecasted values and ratios
data.compute({
    "income:revenue": f"""
        income:revenue:-1 * 
        (1 + {assumptions.get('%revenue_growth_rate')})
    """,
    "%revenueGrowthRate": "function:growth:income:revenue",
    "income:netIncome": f"income:revenue * {assumptions.get('%net_income_margin')}",
}, forecast=assumptions.get("projection_years"))

projected_revenue = data.get("income:revenue")
projected_net_income = data.get(f"income:netIncome:{assumptions.get('projection_years')}")

shares_outstanding = data.get("income:weightedAverageShsOut")
future_market_cap = assumptions.get("pe_ratio") * projected_net_income
discounted_future_market_cap = future_market_cap / (
            (1 + assumptions.get("%discount_rate")) ** assumptions.get("projection_years"))

stock_value = discounted_future_market_cap / shares_outstanding

# Set the final value
model.set_final_value({
    "value": stock_value,
    "units": "$"
})

# Render results
model.render_results([
    [stock_value, "Present Value", "$"],
    [projected_net_income, "Estimated net income", "$"],
    [future_market_cap, "Estimated market capitalization", "$"],
    [discounted_future_market_cap, "Market capitalization discounted to present", "$"],
    [shares_outstanding, "Shares Outstanding", "#"],
    [data.get("income:eps"), "Earnings Per Share (EPS)", "$"],
    [data.get("profile:price"), "Market Price", "$"],
    [data.get("ratio:priceEarningsRatio"), "Price to Earnings (PE) Ratio", "#"]
])

# Render chart
model.render_chart({
    "data": {
        "income:revenue": "Revenue",
        "income:netIncome": "Net Income"
    },
    "start": -assumptions.get("historical_years"),
    "end": "*",
    "properties": {
        "title": "Historical and forecasted data",
        "set_editable": [
            "income:revenue",
            "income:netIncome"
        ]
    }
})

# Render table for estimated future values
model.render_table({
    "data": {
        "income:revenue": "Revenue",
        "%revenueGrowthRate": "Revenue Growth Rate",
        "income:netIncome": "Net Income",
    },
    "start": -1,
    "end": "*",
    "properties": {
        "title": "Estimated Future Values",
        "order": "ascending",
        "number_format": "M"
    }
})

# Render historical values table
model.render_table({
    "data": {
        "income:revenue": "Revenue",
        "income:costOfRevenue": "Cost of Revenue",
        "income:grossProfit": "Gross Profit",
        "%grossMargin": "Gross Margin",
        "income:operatingIncome": "Operating Income",
        "%operating_margin": "Operating Margin",
        "income:netIncome": "Net Income",
        "%netMargin": "Net Margin",
    },
    "start": -assumptions.get("historical_years"),
    "end": 0,
    "properties": {
        "title": "Historical Values",
        "display_averages": True,
        "order": "descending",
        "number_format": "M"
    },
})

# Render historical growth rates table
model.render_table({
    "data": {
        "income:revenue": "Revenue",
        "%revenueGrowthRate": "Revenue Growth Rate",
        "income:netIncome": "Net Income",
        "%netMargin": "Net Margin",
        "%netIncomeGrowthRate": "Net Income Growth Rate",
        "balance:totalStockholdersEquity": "Stockholders Equity",
        "%totalStockholdersEquityGrowthRate": "Equity Growth Rate",
        "%roic": "Return on Invested Capital (ROIC)",
        "nopat": "After-tax Operating Income",
        "%taxRate": "Income Tax Rate",
        "investedCapital": "Invested Capital",
    },
    "start": -assumptions.get("historical_years"),
    "end": 0,
    "properties": {
        "title": "Historical Growth Rates",
        "display_averages": True,
        "order": "descending",
        "number_format": "M"
    },
})

# Set description for assumptions
assumptions.set_description({
    "%discount_rate": r"""
        ## Discount Rate

`Discount Rate` = `Cost of Equity` = `Risk Free Rate` + `Beta` * `Market Premium`

The cost of equity is the theoretical rate of return that an equity investment should generate. It is calculated using the CAPM formula.

[Read More](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/costofequity.asp#mntl-sc-block_1-0-20)
    """,

"beta": r"""
        ## Beta

Beta is a value that measures the price fluctuations (volatility) of a stock with respect to fluctuations in the overall stock market.
    """,

"%risk_free_rate": r"""
        ## Risk-Free Rate

The risk-free rate represents the interest an investor would expect from an absolutely risk-free investment over a specified period of time.
        By default, it is equal to the current yield of the U.S. 10 Year Treasury Bond.
    """,

"%market_premium": r"""
        ## Market Premium

Market risk premium represents the excess returns over the risk-free rate that investors expect for taking on the incremental risks connected to the equities market.
    """,

"pe_ratio": r"""
        ## Price to Earnings (PE) Ratio

Estimated Price to Earnings (PE) Ratio at the end of the projection period.

`Future Market Cap` = `PE Ratio` * `Projected Net Income`
    """,

"%revenue_growth_rate": r"""
        ## Revenue Growth Rate

The annual revenue growth rate is applied to projected revenue starting from the second projection year onward.
    """,

"%net_income_margin": r"""
        ## Net Income Margin

Net Income expressed as a percentage of Revenue.
    """,

"historical_years": r"""
        ## Historical Years

The number of historical years used to calculate averages for historical data.
    """,

"projection_years": r"""
        ## Projection Years

The number of years for projecting the analysis into the future.
    """,
})

print("End of model.")

Estimated Value

USD

Market Price USD

* Values are not guaranteed, please do your own
research before making investment decisions.

Discounted Future Market Cap

Interactive Assumptions

Discount Rate Discount Rate `Discount Rate` = `Cost of Equity` = `Risk Free Rate` + `Beta` * `Market Premium` The cost of equity is the theoretical rate of return that an equity investment should generate. It is calculated using the CAPM formula. Read More	%
↳ Beta Beta Beta is a value that measures the price fluctuations (volatility) of a stock with respect to fluctuations in the overall stock market.	#
↳ Risk Free Rate Risk-Free Rate The risk-free rate represents the interest an investor would expect from an absolutely risk-free investment over a specified period of time. By default, it is equal to the current yield of the U.S. 10 Year Treasury Bond.	%
↳ Market Premium Market Premium Market risk premium represents the excess returns over the risk-free rate that investors expect for taking on the incremental risks connected to the equities market.	%
Pe Ratio Price to Earnings (PE) Ratio Estimated Price to Earnings (PE) Ratio at the end of the projection period. `Future Market Cap` = `PE Ratio` * `Projected Net Income`	#
Revenue Growth Rate Revenue Growth Rate The annual revenue growth rate is applied to projected revenue starting from the second projection year onward.	%
Net Income Margin Net Income Margin Net Income expressed as a percentage of Revenue.	%
Historical Years Historical Years The number of historical years used to calculate averages for historical data.	#
Projection Years Projection Years The number of years for projecting the analysis into the future.	#

Results
Present Value	50.2 USD
Estimated net income	10.76 Bil. USD
Estimated market capitalization	284.2 Bil. USD
Market capitalization discounted to present	216 Bil. USD
Shares Outstanding	4.3 Bil.
Earnings Per Share (EPS)	3.05 USD
Market Price	80.5 USD
Price to Earnings (PE) Ratio	26.42

Historical and forecasted data

Monetary values in USD

{"sectionId": "section-chart-1", "sectionType": "chart", "title": "Historical and forecasted data", "timeseries": "annual", "series": [{"label": "Revenue", "mappingKey": "income:revenue", "data": [{"l": "2016", "x": "2016-12-31", "y": 41863000000}, {"l": "2017", "x": "2017-12-31", "y": 36212000000}, {"l": "2018", "x": "2018-12-31", "y": 34300000000}, {"l": "2019", "x": "2019-12-31", "y": 37266000000}, {"l": "2020", "x": "2020-12-31", "y": 33014000000}, {"l": "2021", "x": "2021-12-31", "y": 38655000000}, {"l": "2022", "x": "2022-12-31", "y": 43004000000}, {"l": "2023", "x": "2023-12-31", "y": 45754000000}, {"l": "2024", "x": "2024-12-31", "y": 47061000000}, {"l": "2025", "x": "2025-12-31", "y": 47941000000}, {"l": "2026", "x": "2026-12-31", "y": 48482733300, "oy": 48482733300, "e": true, "d": 2026, "g": 1.13, "og": 1.13}, {"l": "2027", "x": "2027-12-31", "y": 49030588186, "oy": 49030588186, "e": true, "d": 2027, "g": 1.13, "og": 1.13}, {"l": "2028", "x": "2028-12-31", "y": 49584633832, "oy": 49584633832, "e": true, "d": 2028, "g": 1.13, "og": 1.13}, {"l": "2029", "x": "2029-12-31", "y": 50144940195, "oy": 50144940195, "e": true, "d": 2029, "g": 1.13, "og": 1.13}, {"l": "2030", "x": "2030-12-31", "y": 50711578019, "oy": 50711578019, "e": true, "d": 2030, "g": 1.13, "og": 1.13}], "dataType": ".", "displayAs": "line", "dataTimeseries": "annual", "hidden": false}, {"label": "Net Income", "mappingKey": "income:netIncome", "data": [{"l": "2016", "x": "2016-12-31", "y": 6527000000}, {"l": "2017", "x": "2017-12-31", "y": 1248000000}, {"l": "2018", "x": "2018-12-31", "y": 6434000000}, {"l": "2019", "x": "2019-12-31", "y": 8920000000}, {"l": "2020", "x": "2020-12-31", "y": 7747000000}, {"l": "2021", "x": "2021-12-31", "y": 9771000000}, {"l": "2022", "x": "2022-12-31", "y": 9542000000}, {"l": "2023", "x": "2023-12-31", "y": 10714000000}, {"l": "2024", "x": "2024-12-31", "y": 10631000000}, {"l": "2025", "x": "2025-12-31", "y": 13107000000}, {"l": "2026", "x": "2026-12-31", "y": 10283187732, "oy": 10283187732, "e": true, "d": 2026, "g": -21.54, "og": -21.54}, {"l": "2027", "x": "2027-12-31", "y": 10399387754, "oy": 10399387754, "e": true, "d": 2027, "g": 1.13, "og": 1.13}, {"l": "2028", "x": "2028-12-31", "y": 10516900835, "oy": 10516900835, "e": true, "d": 2028, "g": 1.13, "og": 1.13}, {"l": "2029", "x": "2029-12-31", "y": 10635741815, "oy": 10635741815, "e": true, "d": 2029, "g": 1.13, "og": 1.13}, {"l": "2030", "x": "2030-12-31", "y": 10755925697, "oy": 10755925697, "e": true, "d": 2030, "g": 1.13, "og": 1.13}], "dataType": ".", "displayAs": "line", "dataTimeseries": "annual", "hidden": false}], "editableDates": {"2026-12-31": 42, "2027-12-31": 43, "2028-12-31": 44, "2029-12-31": 45, "2030-12-31": 46}, "properties": {"display_table": true}, "width": "full"}

Edit Chart Values	2026-12-31	2027-12-31	2028-12-31	2029-12-31	2030-12-31

↳ Growth Rate

Estimated Future Values

Monetary values in USD amounts except #	2025 Dec 31	LTM Feb 26	2026 Dec 31	2027 Dec 31	2028 Dec 31	2029 Dec 31	2030 Dec 31
Revenue	47,941	47,941	48,483	49,031	49,585	50,145	50,712
Revenue Growth Rate	1.87%	0%	1.13%	1.13%	1.13%	1.13%	1.13%
Net Income	13,107	13,107	10,283	10,399	10,517	10,636	10,756

Monetary values in USD

amounts except #

2025
Dec 31

LTM
Feb 26

2026
Dec 31

2027
Dec 31

2028
Dec 31

2029
Dec 31

2030
Dec 31

Revenue

47,941

48,483

49,031

49,585

50,145

50,712

Revenue Growth Rate

1.87%

1.13%

Net Income

13,107

10,283

10,399

10,517

10,636

10,756

Historical Values

Monetary values in USD amounts except #	Average	LTM Feb 26	2025 Dec 31	2024 Dec 31	2023 Dec 31	2022 Dec 31	2021 Dec 31	2020 Dec 31	2019 Dec 31	2018 Dec 31	2017 Dec 31	2016 Dec 31
Revenue	41,183	47,941	47,941	47,061	45,754	43,004	38,655	33,014	37,266	34,300	36,212	41,863
Cost of Revenue	16,209	18,397	18,397	18,324	18,520	18,000	15,357	13,433	14,619	13,067	13,721	16,465
Gross Profit	24,974	29,544	29,544	28,737	27,234	25,004	23,298	19,581	22,647	21,233	22,491	25,398
Gross Margin	60.64%	61.63%	61.63%	61.06%	59.52%	58.14%	60.27%	59.31%	60.77%	61.9%	62.11%	60.67%
Operating Income	10,426	13,762	13,762	9,992	11,311	10,909	10,308	8,997	10,086	9,152	7,755	8,657
Operating Margin	25.32%	28.71%	28.71%	21.23%	24.72%	25.37%	26.67%	27.25%	27.06%	26.68%	21.42%	20.68%
Net Income	8,886	13,107	13,107	10,631	10,714	9,542	9,771	7,747	8,920	6,434	1,248	6,527
Net Margin	21.22%	27.34%	27.34%	22.59%	23.42%	22.19%	25.28%	23.47%	23.94%	18.76%	3.45%	15.59%

Historical Growth Rates

Monetary values in USD amounts except #	Average	LTM Feb 26	2025 Dec 31	2024 Dec 31	2023 Dec 31	2022 Dec 31	2021 Dec 31	2020 Dec 31	2019 Dec 31	2018 Dec 31	2017 Dec 31	2016 Dec 31
Revenue	41,183	47,941	47,941	47,061	45,754	43,004	38,655	33,014	37,266	34,300	36,212	41,863
Revenue Growth Rate	1.13%	0%	1.87%	2.86%	6.4%	11.25%	17.09%	-11.41%	8.65%	-5.28%	-13.5%	-5.49%
Net Income	8,886	13,107	13,107	10,631	10,714	9,542	9,771	7,747	8,920	6,434	1,248	6,527
Net Margin	21.22%	27.34%	27.34%	22.59%	23.42%	22.19%	25.28%	23.47%	23.94%	18.76%	3.45%	15.59%
Net Income Growth Rate	37.04%	0%	23.29%	-0.775%	12.28%	-2.34%	26.13%	-13.15%	38.64%	415.5%	-80.88%	-11.21%
Stockholders Equity	23,421	32,169	32,169	24,856	25,941	24,105	22,999	19,299	18,981	16,981	17,072	23,062
Equity Growth Rate	3.09%	0%	29.42%	-4.18%	7.62%	4.81%	19.17%	1.68%	11.78%	-0.533%	-25.97%	-9.75%
Return on Invested Capital (ROIC)	13.01%	15.42%	15.42%	12.61%	14.43%	14.07%	12.57%	10.88%	15.87%	15.89%	2.64%	13.36%
After-tax Operating Income	8,031	11,301	11,301	8,131	9,347	8,935	8,134	7,169	8,402	7,206	1,444	6,969
Income Tax Rate	24.55%	17.88%	17.88%	18.62%	17.36%	18.1%	21.09%	20.32%	16.7%	21.26%	81.38%	19.49%
Invested Capital	61,370	73,265	73,265	64,472	64,766	63,520	64,720	65,900	52,928	45,357	54,696	52,183