Discounting Cash Flows - Flexible Financial Modelling Platform
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- "Price is what you pay. Value is what you get."

- "Intrinsic value can be defined simply: It is the discounted value of the cash that can be taken out of a business during its remaining life."

— Warren E. Buffett

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Valuation Model Selection

We offer a collection of standard and time tested valuation methods to help you evaluate investments and determine fair values.

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Category Description
An intrinsic valuation model calculates a value per share by using company intrinsic data and will not be influenced by market price or any pricing multiples.
Simple Excess Return Model
Recommended for
Financial Service
companies.
Used to value financial service companies such as Banks, Investment Banks and Insurance Companies that have reached maturity and earn stable excess returns with little to no high growth chance.
The intrinsic value is calculated assuming that the Excess Return will grow steadily at a Growth In Perpetuity rate.
Excess Return is defined as the difference between Return on Equity and Cost of Equity.
Read more on GitHub
Two-Stage Excess Return Model
Recommended for
Financial Service
companies.
Used to value high growing financial service companies such as Banks, Investment Banks and Insurance Companies.
The model assumes an initial period of high growth adding up all Discounted Excess Return projections, followed by a period of stable growth, where it adds the Discounted Terminal Value calculated assuming that the Excess Return will grow steadily at a Growth In Perpetuity rate.
Excess Return is defined as the difference between Return on Equity and Cost of Equity.
Read more on GitHub
Simple Dividend Discount Model
Recommended for
All
companies.
Used to estimate the value of companies that have reached maturity and pay stable dividends as a significant percentage of their Free Cashflow to Equity with little to no high growth chance.
The model assumes a Growth in Perpetuity for the company's dividend and uses the Gordon Growth Formula to calculate the intrinsic value.
Read more on GitHub
Two-Stage Dividend Discount Model
Recommended for
All
companies.
Used to value a company based on two stages of dividend growth.
The model assumes an initial period of high growth adding up all Discounted Dividend projections, followed by a period of stable growth, where it adds the Discounted Terminal Value calculated assuming that the Dividend will grow steadily at a Growth In Perpetuity rate.
Read more on GitHub
Earnings Power Value

This model is only available with a paid subscription plan.

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Recommended for
All
companies.
Earnings power value is a method of valuing the stocks of a company, assuming that the current earnings are sustainable, and there is no future growth. The model was developed by Columbia University Professor Bruce Greenwald, a renowned financial economist and value investor who, through this valuation technique, tries to overcome the main challenge in discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis related to making assumptions about future growth, cost of capital, profit margins, and required investments.
Benjamin Graham's Number
Recommended for
All
companies.
Graham number is a method developed for the defensive investors as described in CHAPTER 14 in The Intelligent Investor. It evaluates a stock’s intrinsic value by calculating the square root of 22.5 times the multiplied value of the company’s EPS and BVPS. This fundamental value formula does not apply to asset-light companies with high growth rate and companies with negative earnings.
Discounted Free Cash Flow - Perpetuity
Recommended for
Non-Financial Service
companies.
Used to value a company based on its projections of Free Cash Flow to the Firm, also called Unlevered Free Cash Flow.
The model calculates Enterprise Value assuming an initial period of high growth and summing up all Discounted Free Cash Flow projections, followed by a period of stable growth, where it adds the Discounted Terminal Value calculated assuming that the Free Cash Flow will grow steadily at a Growth In Perpetuity rate.
This model is not recommended for Financial Service Companies. Read more on GitHub
Category Description
A multiples valuation model combines both company intrinsic data and market price multiples.
Peter Lynch Fair Value

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Recommended for
All
companies.
Peter Lynch Fair Value applies to growing companies. The ideal range for the growth rate is between 10% and 20% a year. It is computed by multiplying PEG Ratio, which according to Peter Lynch should always equal to 1 (so it can be ignored), EPS LTM, and Earnings Growth Rate. The resulting model value shows whether the company is currently trading at its fair value or not.
Discounted Future Market Cap
Recommended for
All
companies.
Used to value a company by projecting the Future Market Capitalization using an estimated Forward PE Ratio and an Earnings projection. Then, it discounts the Future Market Capitaliztion to the Present Value using a Discount Rate.
Discounted Free Cash Flow - Exit Multiple
Recommended for
Non-Financial Service
companies.
Used to value a company based on its projections of Free Cash Flow to the Firm, also called Unlevered Free Cash Flow.
The model calculates Enterprise Value assuming an initial period of high growth and summing up all Discounted Free Cash Flow projections, followed by an Exit EV/EBITDA multiple terminal value.
This model is not recommended for Financial Service Companies. Read more on GitHub
Category Description
A risk analysis model provides information about the level of risk in a company, the cost of capital, liquidity ratios, margins and other risk related ratios.
Annual Margin Report
Recommended for
All
companies.
Capital Asset Pricing Model
Recommended for
All
companies.
Return on Invested Capital (ROIC)
Recommended for
All
companies.
Return on Invested Capital (ROIC) determines how efficiently a company puts the capital under its control toward profitable investments or projects. The ROIC ratio gives a sense of how well a company is using the money it has raised externally to generate returns. Comparing a company's return on invested capital with its weighted average cost of capital (WACC) reveals whether invested capital is being used effectively.
Shiller PE (CAPE) Ratio

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Recommended for
All
companies.
The CAPE Ratio (also known as the Shiller P/E or PE 10 Ratio) is an acronym for the Cyclically-Adjusted Price-to-Earnings Ratio. The ratio is calculated by dividing a company’s stock price by the average of the company’s earnings for the last [Historical Years] (10 years by default), adjusted for inflation. Financial Analysts use the Cyclically-Adjusted Price to Earnings Ratio to assess long-term financial performance, while isolating the impact of economic cycles.
Beneish M-Score

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Recommended for
All
companies.
Beneish’s M-Score is a mathematical model that uses eight financial ratios weighted by coefficients to identify whether a company has manipulated its profits.
Altman Z-Score

This model is only available with a paid subscription plan.

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Recommended for
All
companies.
Altman’s Z-Score model is a numerical measurement that is used to predict the chances of a business going bankrupt in the next two years. The model was developed by American finance professor Edward Altman in 1968 as a measure of the financial stability of companies.
Piotroski F-Score

This model is only available with a paid subscription plan.

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Recommended for
All
companies.
The Piotroski score, also known as the Piotroski F-score, is a discrete score that ranges from 0 to 9 and reflects nine criteria that are used to gauge the strength of a firm’s financial position.
Weighted Average Cost of Capital
Recommended for
Non-Financial Service
companies.
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JavaScript Code Editor

All valuation models are built upon our JavaScript Framework, which simplifies code reading and writing.

Using the code editor, you can compute your desired values and build beautiful charts and tables.

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// +----------------------------------------------------------+ // Check out our Developer's Guide: // https://discounting-cash-flows.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html // +----------------------------------------------------------+ Input( { MY_FIRST_ASSUMPTION: '', // Define your editable assumptions } ); $.when().done( function(){ try{ var response = new Response({ }); // +---------------- ASSUMPTIONS SECTION -----------------+ // This section is for setting the default values of your assumptions. setAssumption('MY_FIRST_ASSUMPTION', 123); // +------------- END OF ASSUMPTIONS SECTION -------------+ // +---------------- MODEL VALUES SECTION ----------------+ // This section is for printing the model's results and other values. print('Hello World!'); print(getAssumption('MY_FIRST_ASSUMPTION'), 'My First Assumption is', '#'); // +------------- END OF MODEL VALUES SECTION ------------+ // +------------------- CHARTS SECTION -------------------+ // This section is for displaying charts // +---------------- END OF CHARTS SECTION ---------------+ // +------------------- TABLES SECTION -------------------+ // This section is for displaying one or multiple tables // +---------------- END OF TABLES SECTION ---------------+ } catch (error) { throwError(error); } });

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